ISSN 2071-1468 #*041)&3&3&4&37&45&$)/*$"-/05&4%JBMPHVFJOCJPTQIFSFSFTFSWFT3&'&3&/$&4 13"$5*$&4BOE&91&3*&/$&4 DIALOGUE in BIOSPHERE RESERVES: REFERENCES, PRACTICES and EXPERIENCES The authors are responsible for the choice and presentation of the viewpoints and information contained in their articles, which in no way commit UNESCO. The designations employed and the presentation of data throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Publication manager: Natarajan Ishwaran Editor-in-Chief: Meriem Bouamrane Graphic design: Ivette Fabbri and Mirian Querol Cover photograph: Hubert de Foresta, IRD Translation: Zoe Andreyev This work is the follow-up of a training period undertaken by Matthieu Deldicque in the Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, directed by Meriem Bouamrane and supervised by Jean-Eudes Beuret, ENSAR and was realized in cooperation with the French National Commission to UNESCO. We would like to especially thank the following individuals for their cooperation and inputs in the making of this note: Salvatore Arico, Andrew Bell, Nicolas Bondil, Amadou Boureima, Catherine Cibien, Miguel Clüsener-Godt, Guillaume Couturier, Pete Frost, Stéphane Garnier, Malcolm Hadley, Mireille Jardin, Sami Mankoto, Didier Lecuyer, Valérie Meyer, Thomas Schaaf, Marja Spierenburg, Ken Reyna and Rodrigo Victor. Proposed citation: Bouamrane, M. (ed). 2007 Dialogue in biosphere reserves: references, practices and experiences Biosphere Reserves – Technical Notes 2 UNESCO, Paris Published in February 2008 By the MAB Programme, UNESCO 1, rue Miollis 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France Tel: 33(0) 1 45 68 40 67 Fax : 33 (0) 45 68 58 04 E-mail : [email protected] www.unesco.org/mab Printed by I.T.C. Grigny Printed in France Biosphere reserves - Technical notes - 2-2007 2 DIALOGUE in biosphere reserves: REFERENCES, PRACTICES and EXPERIENCES or over thirty years, and especially since the adoption by the UNESCO General Conference of the Seville Strategy and the Statutory Framework (UNESCO, 1996), the biosphere reserves of the World Network have encouraged and facilitated dialogue on resource use among stakeholders and institutions. Dialogue plays a central role in the effort to reconcile conservation and development, in the understanding, management and prevention of conflicts and in the elaboration of rules for the use of and access to resources in biosphere reserves. Dialogue may be conducted either on a permanent or an ad hoc basis; it can concern an entire land or only a specific resource, ecosystem or area. Though the dialogue process is important during the entire life span of a biosphere reserve, there are certain key moments when it is crucial: at the time of its creation and during the periodic review. In 2005, the Secretariat launched a research and training programme on Dialogue and Concertation in biosphere reserves. Its aims were: ■ to determine the needs of biosphere reserves in terms of conflict management and prevention; ■ to identify and involve national researchers working on these questions; Foreword � � � � ■� to analyse � existing practices � in the field � of dialogue �and concertation � with local � �������������� stakeholders, in matters of compromise-seeking between biodiversity conservation and development; ■ to analyse and publicize the experiences of certain biosphere reserves which can be shared within the World Network; ■ �� to promote exchanges among biosphere reserves on this theme. In 2006, case studies were conducted in eleven biosphere reserves on the experience and practice of dialogue, and a technical note entitled “Biodiversity and stakeholders: concertation itineraries” was published by the Secretariat in three languages. The purpose of the present note is to provide a reference on the implementation of the recommendations of the Seville Strategy and the Statutory Framework in matters of dialogue and concertation. As a guide to carrying out effective and efficient dialogue, its aim is to promote the exchange among biosphere reserves of knowledge and experiences on the field so as to better share not only practices, but the wealth and diversity of knowledge and know-how to be found in various political, economic, social and cultural contexts as well. Four chapters are devoted to the four key moments in the life of a biosphere reserve, and a fifth discusses how the issues involved in knowledge and know-how sharing within the World Network can make biosphere reserves into genuine learning laboratories for the concrete application of sustainable development. Natarajan Ishwaran Secretary of the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme Director of the Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences 3 Table of contents Foreword .................................................................. 3 Chapter I Dialogue in the itinerary of biosphere reserve creation .................... 5 When should the dialogue begin? ................................................... 6 Who are the participants in the dialogue? ............................................. 8 How to begin the dialogue? ....................................................... 14 The outputs of dialogue .......................................................... 20 Matthieu Deldicque Chapter 2 The biosphere reserve, a forum for dialogue .............................. 23 Optimizing existing concertation mechanisms and creating forums for dialogue .............. 24 Facilitating the participation of stakeholders .......................................... 26 The link between conservation and development as a basis for dialogue and cooperation . 32 Coordinating dialogue within the biosphere reserve .................................... 35 Matthieu Deldicque Chapter 3 Dialogue in confl ict analysis and management ............................ 37 Confl ict analysis in biosphere reserves ............................................... 38 Dialogue in confl ict management ................................................... 40 Matthieu Deldicque Chapter 4 The Periodic Review: a key moment in the dialogue process .............. 45 A Self-evaluation ............................................................... 46 Meriem Bouamrane An example of companion approach which could be used during the periodic review .......... 53 Michel Etienne, Catherine Cibien, Jean Claude Génot Chapter 5 The dialogue within the World Network of Biosphere Reserves ........... 61 Meriem Bouamrane Annex 1: Dialogue in the Seville Strategy ................................. 66 Annex 2: Other practices in biosphere reserves ........................... 67 Selective bibliography .................................................... 75 Acronyms ................................................................. 80 Biosphere reserves - Technical notes - 2-2007 4 DIALOGUE in biosphere reserves: REFERENCES, PRACTICES and EXPERIENCES ChapterDialogue 1 in the itinerary of biosphere reserve creation 5 When they can garner from such a project for the land and should the dialogue begin? the resources, they must raise the question of whether a biosphere reserve can meet these aims. What are the advantages of creating a biosphere reserve, given the tar- geted objectives1? In what way is a biosphere reserve an ART. 4 OF THE STATUTORY FRAMEWORK OF THE WORLD effective instrument for the conservation of biodiversity NETWORK: and sustainable development? In what way is it different GENERAL CRITERIA FOR AN AREA TO BE QUALIFIED and what does it add to existing protected areas (nation- FOR DESIGNATION AS A BIOSPHERE RESERVE al parks, natural reserves, …)? The responses to these 2 CRITERION 6: Organizational arrangements should be concerns must be the object of collective construction . provided for the involvement and participation If successful, this dual legitimation should encourage of a suitable range of inter alia public authorities, strong involvement on the part of the biosphere reserve local communities and private interests stakeholders, who will have learned and understood to- in the design and carrying out of the functions gether fi rst of all the tight link between environmental of a biosphere reserve. conservation and economically, socially and culturally sustainable development, and secondly, the fact that a biosphere reserve is a tool which can make it possible to achieve these aims. The dialogue begins prior This approach needs time (sometimes several years), to the creation of the biosphere reserve but the time invested in this common learning process The dialogue must begin as soon as possible (Beuret, and in obtaining the trust of the stakeholders is the ba- 2006a; Borrini-Feyerabend et al., 2004), before any deci- sis for the sustainable management of the site and for sions are made concerning the creation of the biosphere the implementation of a culture of dialogue among the reserve. It is important to ensure that all options remain stakeholders (Textbox n° 1). open when the dialogue starts, and that the possible sce- narii for the future of the land are not fi xed in advance. Building dialogue on the way… Opening the dialogue before the process starts en- sures a maximum level of involvement and establishes Moving towards trust between the different participants, at the same time the application of the Seville Strategy enabling the latter to acquire a full understanding of the Many biosphere reserves created before