3D ARCHAEOLOGY IN EASY Generating an object-based archaeological 3D dataset for the digital archive of DANS Julius Pilzecker 3D archaeology in EASY Generating an object-based archaeological 3D dataset for the digital archive of DANS Julius Pilzecker s1520202 Master Thesis Archaeological Science - 1084VTSY Dr. Lambers University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Leiden 1 July 2020: Final version 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements… ........................................................................................................................ 5 Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 General introduction .............................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Research problem................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Aims and objectives ................................................................................................................ 8 1.4 Research Structure ............................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Case Study: Ceramics of Jebel Aruda ............................................................................ 12 2.1 Archaeological background .................................................................................................. 12 2.1.1 The Uruk period ............................................................................................................ 12 2.1.2 Uruk Pottery .................................................................................................................. 13 2.1.3 Jebel Aruda .................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Pottery background .............................................................................................................. 17 2.2.1 Pottery of Jebel Aruda ................................................................................................... 17 2.2.2 3D scanning of the pottery ............................................................................................ 17 2.3 Relevance of 3D modeling and digitally archiving ................................................................ 19 Chapter 3: Standards and Principles of digital archiving ................................................................ 21 3.1 Digital preservation .............................................................................................................. 21 3.1.1 Preservation strategies in digital archives .................................................................... 22 3.1.2 Infrastructure of digital archives ................................................................................... 23 3.1.3 Archiving policy of EASY ................................................................................................ 25 3.2 Dataset documentation ........................................................................................................ 26 3.2.1 Project level metadata .................................................................................................. 27 3.2.2 File level metadata ........................................................................................................ 29 3.2.3 The codebook ................................................................................................................ 30 3.3 FAIR Data Principles .............................................................................................................. 30 3.3.1 Findable ......................................................................................................................... 31 3.3.2 Accessible ...................................................................................................................... 33 3.3.3 Interoperable ................................................................................................................ 34 3.3.4 Reusable ........................................................................................................................ 34 Chapter 4: Object-based 3D models in archaeology ...................................................................... 36 4.1 Fit for purpose ...................................................................................................................... 36 4.1.1 Object-based 3D modeling purposes in museums ........................................................ 36 4.1.2 Object-based 3D modeling purposes for archaeological research ............................... 38 4.2 3D Data acquisition in archaeology ...................................................................................... 39 4.2.1 Laser scanning ............................................................................................................... 40 4.2.2 Image-based modeling and Photogrammetry .............................................................. 42 4.2.3 Structured Light Scanning ............................................................................................. 43 2 4.3 Modeling 3D features ........................................................................................................... 45 4.3.1 Geometry ...................................................................................................................... 45 4.3.2 Appearance ................................................................................................................... 48 4.3.3 Scene ............................................................................................................................. 49 4.3.4 Animation ...................................................................................................................... 51 4.4 3D File formats ..................................................................................................................... 51 4.4.1 The OBJ format .............................................................................................................. 52 4.4.2 The PLY format .............................................................................................................. 53 4.4.3 The X3D format ............................................................................................................. 54 4.4.4 The DAE format ............................................................................................................. 54 4.4.5 The FBX format .............................................................................................................. 54 4.4.6 The BLEND format ......................................................................................................... 54 Chapter 5: Workflow ….. .................................................................................................................. 56 5.1 Software and hardware specifications ................................................................................. 56 5.1.1 Software specifications ................................................................................................. 56 5.1.2 Hardware specifications ................................................................................................ 57 5.2 Workflow of generating preservation acceptable 3D datasets ............................................ 57 5.3 Implementation of the workflow ......................................................................................... 59 5.3.1 Ethical considerations ................................................................................................... 59 5.3.2 File structuring and file naming..................................................................................... 60 5.3.3 Import and export of recommended 3D file formats ................................................... 62 5.3.4 Codebook ...................................................................................................................... 72 5.3.5 File level metadata ........................................................................................................ 73 5.3.6 EASY Metadata .............................................................................................................. 75 Chapter 6: 3D Archiving results ...................................................................................................... 78 6.1 Dataset results ...................................................................................................................... 78 6.2 Individual format structure and analysis .............................................................................. 84 6.3 Geometrical comparison between original and decimated exported formats .................... 87 6.4 3D dataset adherence to the FAIR principles ....................................................................... 92 Chapter 7: Discussion...................................................................................................................... 96 7.1 3D Data aspects and fit for purpose ..................................................................................... 96 7.2 Digital archive considerations and durability ....................................................................... 98 7.3 FAIR-ness of the 3D dataset in EASY ..................................................................................