BURKE-GILMAN TRAIL MISSING LINK PROJECT Cultural Resources Discipline Report Prepared by: SWCA Environmental Consultants Draft Environmental Impact Statement May 2016 BURKE-GILMAN TRAIL MISSING CULTURAL RESOURCES DISCIPLINE REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................ v Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................. ES-1 Chapter 1: Introduction and Project History .......................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 No Build Alternative ................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.3 Build Alternatives ....................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.3.1 Shilshole South Alternative ................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.3.2 Shilshole North Alternative ................................................................................................................ 1-3 1.3.3 Ballard Avenue Alternative ................................................................................................................ 1-3 1.3.4 Leary Alternative ................................................................................................................................ 1-4 1.3.5 Connector Segments .......................................................................................................................... 1-4 1.4 Features Common to All Build Alternatives ............................................................................... 1-5 1.4.1 Roadway Design Considerations ........................................................................................................ 1-5 1.4.2 Construction Activities and Durations ............................................................................................... 1-6 1.4.3 Construction Staging .......................................................................................................................... 1-6 1.4.4 Construction Traffic and Haul Routes ................................................................................................ 1-6 Chapter 2: Regulatory Context............................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 State Laws and Regulations ........................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1.1 National Register of Historic Places [36 CFR 800] .............................................................................. 2-1 2.1.2 The Archaeological Sites and Resources Act [RCW 27.53]................................................................. 2-1 2.1.3 Washington Heritage Register [RCW 7.34.200 and 25-12 WAC] ....................................................... 2-1 2.1.4 The Indian Graves and Records Act [RCW 27.44] .............................................................................. 2-2 2.2 Local Laws and Regulations ........................................................................................................ 2-2 2.2.1 City of Seattle Landmarks Preservation Ordinance [SMC 25.12] and guidelines .............................. 2-2 2.2.2 The City of Seattle’s Department of Planning and Development Director’s Rule 2-28 (DPD Director’s Rule 2-98) [SMC 25.05.675] ............................................................................................................................. 2-3 Chapter 3: Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 3-1 3.1 Data Collection ........................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Selection of Study Area .............................................................................................................. 3-2 3.3 Identification of Impacts ............................................................................................................ 3-2 3.4 Identification of Avoidance, Minimization, and Mitigation Measures ...................................... 3-3 3.5 Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures Analysis ............................................................ 3-3 Chapter 4: Affected Environment .......................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Selected Study Area ................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2 Natural Setting ........................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2.1 Geology .............................................................................................................................................. 4-1 4.2.2 Geomorphology ................................................................................................................................. 4-3 4.2.3 Stratigraphy ....................................................................................................................................... 4-3 4.2.4 Flora and Fauna ................................................................................................................................. 4-8 4.3 Cultural Setting ......................................................................................................................... 4-10 4.3.1 Prehistory ......................................................................................................................................... 4-10 BURKE-GILMAN TRAIL MISSING LINK I MAY 2016 CULTURAL RESOURCES DISCIPLINE REPORT 4.3.2 Ethnohistory .................................................................................................................................... 4-11 4.3.3 History .............................................................................................................................................. 4-15 4.3.4 Previous Cultural Resources Investigations ..................................................................................... 4-24 4.3.5 Previously Identified Archaeological Sites ....................................................................................... 4-27 4.3.6 Built-environment Resources .......................................................................................................... 4-29 4.3.7 Expectations ..................................................................................................................................... 4-45 Chapter 5: Potential Impacts ................................................................................................................. 5-1 5.1 No Build Alternative ................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 Impacts Common to all Build Alternatives ................................................................................. 5-1 5.2.1 Construction ...................................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2.2 Operation ........................................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.3 Shilshole South Alternative ........................................................................................................ 5-2 5.3.1 Construction ...................................................................................................................................... 5-2 5.3.2 Operation ........................................................................................................................................... 5-2 5.4 Shilshole North Alternative ........................................................................................................ 5-2 5.4.1 Construction ...................................................................................................................................... 5-2 5.4.2 Operation ........................................................................................................................................... 5-2 5.5 Ballard Avenue Alternative ........................................................................................................ 5-2 5.5.1 Construction ...................................................................................................................................... 5-2 5.5.2 Operation ........................................................................................................................................... 5-3 5.6 Leary Alternative ........................................................................................................................ 5-3 5.6.1 Construction ...................................................................................................................................... 5-3 5.6.2 Operation ..........................................................................................................................................