Reproduced from Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State under Mahathir, by In-Won Hwang (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003). This version was obtained electronically direct from the publisher on condition that copyright is not infringed. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Individual articles are available at < http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg > Index 383 Index “2M” leadership, 129, 284, 287–88 Ahmad Mohd Don, Tan Sri, 305 “3M” (money, media, and machinery), Ahmad Shukri Hassan, 224 259 Air Force, Royal Malaysian, 124 50 Dalil: Mengapa Anwar Tidak Boleh Ajib Ahmad, Dato’, 155, 156, 201n, Jadi PM (“50 Reasons”), 290, 302, 204n 304, 305 Aliran Monthly, 159, 200n, 320 Alliance: xii, 6, 51–53, 57, 58, 59, 60, A 63, 64, 66–71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, Abdul Rahman Putra Al-haj ibni Sultan 82–84, 91, 92, 94, 95–96, 98–100, Abdul Hamid, Tunku: 46, 58, 66, 101, 114–16, 136n, 189, 343; 71, 72, 78, 99, 100, 101, 109, 117, Alliance Action Committee, 60, 128, 277; UMNO crisis (1987), 86n; National Convention, 58; 131, 143, 148, 153, 157, 159, 161, National Executive Committee, 60; 164, 181, 196n, 199n, 205n; Bapa National Council, 60 Kemerdekaan, 205n, the happiest All-Malaya Council of Joint Action prime minister, 46 (AMCJA), 39 Abdul Kadir Sheikh Fadzir, Dato’, 155, alternative behavioural code, 92 200n, 201n, 204n Amein Rais, 337n Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Dato’ Seri, Ampang Jaya, Selangor, 179, 237 155–56, 157, 158, 200n, 214, 216, American Malaysian Insurance, 121, 218–19, 221, 310–11, 326, 351 140n aboriginal, 22, 26, 78 Andaya, Barbara Watson, 32, 34, 36, absorptive capacity, 227 44n abuse of power, 306, 319, 348, 353 Andaya, Leonard Yuzon, 32, 34, 36, Adnan Yaakob, Dato’ Seri, 274n 44n © 2003 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore 384 Index Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM), Asian values, 357 129, 266n, 309, 314, 317, 321 Asian Wall Street Journal (AWSJ ), 124, Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (API), 39 159, 166, 200n Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU), assimilation/non-assimilation, 20, 25– 183, 187, 193, 260, 322, 354 26, 28, 31, 246, 247 Angkatan Wanita Sedar (AWAS), 39 Attorney-General, 165, 202n, 305 Anti-Corruption Act/Bill (1997), 289– austerity measures/package, 281, 292, 90 295, 296 Anti-Corruption Agency (ACA), 233, authoritarianism, xiii, 9, 11, 13, 28, 95, 290 100, 104, 107, 114, 120, 122–25, anti-crisis strategy, 93, 102, 114, 344 190n, 209, 211, 212, 222, 241, anti-establishment mood/vote, 185, 186, 242, 244, 264, 265, 278, 313, 316, 188, 189, 192 321, 322, 331, 346–49, 357–58 anti-federal sentiment, 223, 229, 270n Aziz Addruse, Raja, 159 anti–party hopping law, 225, 234 Azmin Ali, Mohamed, 309 Anuwar Ali, 272n Anwar Ibrahim, Dato’ Seri: xiv, 12, 129, B 130, 156, 213, 214, 241, 249, 265, Baba, 23, 26, 39 266n, 274n, 276, 279–311, 312– backward-advance dichotomy, 41, 78 23, 331–32, 333n, 335n, 336n, Bahasa Melayu, 4, 66, 246, 256, 258, 337n, 338n, 347, 349, 350, 352, 273n. See also Malay language 355, 357; acting prime minister, bailout, 149, 292, 295, 296, 335n 282, 289; all-out war, 306; black- Bakun Dam, 292 eye, 278, 352; conspiracy, 279, Bangsa Malaysia, 12, 246–47 281, 290, 322, 349; corruption and Bangsa Melayu, 246 sexual charges, 279, 305, 307, 349; Bank Bumiputra, 79, 90n, 120, 149 education minister, 150, 198n, Bank of Commerce, 121, 140n 213, 250; election to UMNO Bank Negara, 305 deputy presidency, 216–21; finance Barisan Alternatif (BA): 278, 322, 324, minister, 213, 281, 289, 295, 296, 326, 328–32, 341n, 348, 353–56, 303, 309; the Anwar episode, 309, 359n; alternative budget, 322; BA 311–14, 331, 347, 355, 357; Bureau, 354; BA Secretariat, 354; UMNO Youth chief, 129, 266n; candidate for prime ministership, UMNO vice-president, 129, 213, 322; common election manifesto, 266n. See also 50 Dalil, Anti- 322, 354, 356; Presidents Council, Corruption Act/Bill (1997), 354, 355; pre-council meeting, Mahathir Mohamad, reformasi, 354; seat allocation, 354; Shadow surat layang, UMNO, and Local Authorities, 354 Wawasan team Barisan Jamaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia Arabs, 27 (Berjasa), 117–18, 183, 205n Archbishop Emeritus of the Catholic Barisan Nasional (BN), 115–20, 124, Church, 193 150, 151, 152, 157, 161, 162, 175, armed forces, 32–33, 36, 101, 191 179, 183–86, 188, 189, 190, 192, armed insurrection, 40, 141n 203n, 205n, 206n, 209, 222, 229, army, 88n, 102 231, 234, 235, 237, 251, 252, 259, Arqam, Al- (Darul Arqam), 243–44, 261–64, 269n, 276, 314, 322, 272n 324–26, 329–31, 344, 348, 350, Ashaari, 272n 352, 353 © 2003 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore Index 385 Battle Royal of 1987, 148, 157, 308 capital control, 338n. See also currency BCB Nominees, 140n capital investment, 231–32 Bell, Daniel, 316 Case, William, 13, 143, 181, 228, 311, Berita Harian, 122, 148, 303 357 Berita Minggu, 122 censorship, 122, 242 Bernama (national news agency), 122, census: (1931), 24; (1947), 30; (1957), 294 26 Barraclough, Simon, 8, 126 Centre for Civilizational Dialogue, blessing in disguise, 100, 288, 313 University of Malaya, 250 British colonial rule/government: 21, 23, centralized federalism, 9 24, 27, 31, 32, 34, 36–41, 50–51, centrifugal tendency, 6, 50 53, 56, 62, 85n; anti-British ceramah, 190, 224 sentiment, 33; British Military Ceylonese, 56 Administration (BMA), 36; Challenger: Siapa Lawan Siapa, 289 education policy, 30; post-war Chandra Muzaffar (previously British policy, 32–41; policy on Chandrasekaran Pillay), 312, 321, Malay society, 24, 28 341n, 354 Buddhism, 27, 250 Chen Man Hin, 341n Bukit China, 149 Chea Lim Thye, 349 bumiputera, 4, 68, 106, 112, 149, 254, Chin, James, 223, 235 258, 262 China, 21–24, 26, 28, 29, 33, 35, 249 Bumiputra Malaysia Finance (BMF), China Press, 101 149 Chinese community, 27, 31, 33, 34, 40, bureaucracy, 102 66, 70, 74, 85n, 98, 119, 150, 152, Business Times, 122 153, 200n, 247, 248, 271, 274n by-elections (1987–99): 174, 176, 195, Chinese immigration, 21–23 196, 204n, 223, 225, 234, 250, Chinese educationist, 152, 184, 198n, 268n, 316, 339n; Ampang Jaya by- 255–56 election, 179; Johor Baru by- Chinese organizations: 66, 150, 274n, election, 174–75, 177, 250; Parit 358n; clans and dialect associations, Raja state by-election, 175–76, 56 171, 181, 204n; Tambatan state Chinese Organizations’ Election Appeals by-election, 181, 183, 205n; Committee, Malaysian (Suqiu), Tanjung Puteri state by-election, 350, 358n 203n; Teluk Pasu state by-election, Chinese-medium education: 31, 66, 183, 205n; Usukan state by- 89n, 131; independent secondary election, 234 school, 113, 248, 257; primary by-elections (post-1999 general schools, 113, 150, 248, 256 election): Lunas state assembly by- Chinese signboard, 149 election, 352–53, 354, 355; Christian, 21, 192–93, 207n Sanggang state assembly by- Chua Tian Chang (Tian Chua), xiv, election, 354; Teluk Kemang by- 314, 315, 319, 321, 341n election, 354, 355, 359n circumstantial advantage, 99, 153, 291, 294 C citizenship, 25, 36–37, 39, 53, 60, 64– Cabinet, 9, 59, 60, 61, 62, 67, 98, 101, 65, 67, 68, 103, 104, 151 102, 116, 126–27. See also civil liberties/rights, 196, 209 Mahathir Cabinet civil service, 6, 37, 59, 62 © 2003 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore 386 Index civil society, 12, 211, 244, 291, 292, Constitutional (Amendment) Act/Bill 309, 312, 320, 321, 331, 345, (1971), 104–7, 115 347–49, 353, 357 constitutional amendments, 126–27, Clutterbuck, Richard, 31 196, 237–38, 239, 240, 241, 346 Commerce and Industry ministerial Constitutional Conference, 64 portfolio, 61, 98, 116 constitutional contract, 63–64, 65, 67, Commonwealth Electoral Observer 92 team, 191 constitutional crisis (1983), 129, 142n, communalism, 5,30, 34, 57, 66n 238, 239, 241 communal politics/groups/identity, 2, 3, control approach/modal, 7, 10 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 20, 22, 28, 34, Control of Imported Publications Act 41–42, 48, 50, 51–52, 53, 56, 57, 1958 (Amendment 1972), 122 58–59, 60, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, corruption, 108, 139n, 142n, 149, 73, 74, 75, 91, 94–95, 98, 99, 101, 197n, 200n, 233, 277, 289–90, 102, 108, 113, 114, 117, 189, 192, 300, 301, 306, 313, 319, 324, 353, 245, 249, 252, 343, 357 349 Communities Liaison Committee: 56; cronyism, 124, 293, 300–3, 305, 311, “Agreed Views”, 56 313 communist/communism, 3, 30, 50, 56, Crouch, Harold, 95, 212, 245, 316, 72–73, 88n, 101, 107, 141n, 350 321, 332 Conference of Rulers, 106 creative destruction, 301 Confrontation (Konfrontasi), 50, 51–52, currency, 280, 291, 300, 305, 306, 70, 74, 94 333n, 338n Confucianism, 250 conglomerate, 121–22 D consensus-control continuum, 11 Daim Zainuddin, Tun, 130, 140n, 156, consociationalism/consociational 213, 281, 284, 288, 296, 302, 303, bargaining/democracy/power- 310, 333n, 337n sharing: xiii, 2, 5–10, 13, 46–50, dakwah, 243 59, 67, 71, 75, 83, 93, 133, 134, David, V., 101 143, 144, 145, 185, 189, 210, 245, democracy: 13, 73, 144, 209, 222, 236, 250, 259, 343–44; coercive 264, 291, 321, 345, 348, 357, 358; consociationalism, 9 democratization, 264, 358; limited Constitution: 102–8, 225, 229, 234, democracy, 17, 212, 236, 241, 243, 238, 295; (Article 3), 65; (Article 357; illiberal democracy, 212; 10), 104, 106; (Article 38), 106; quasi-democracy, 357; semi- (Article 63), 104, 106; (Article 70), democracy, 13, 144, 212, 357; 106; (Article 71), 106; (Article 72), state-led democracy, 357 104, 106; (Article 150), 101, 126– Democratic Action Party (DAP): 70, 27; (Article 152), 4, 104, 105, 106, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 89n, 94–95, 108; (Article 153), 65, 73, 104, 98, 101, 108, 115–16, 118, 119, 105–6, 108; (Article 159), 106; 150, 151, 152, 175, 183, 184, (Article 181), 104, 108; Merdeka 187, 188, 192, 209, 210, 223, Constitution (1957) (Federation of 237, 242, 251, 260–63, 314, 318, Malaya Constitution), 64, 127, 319, 321, 323, 326; Barisan 237.