July 2003 • NREL/SR-560-33909 Distributed and Electric Power System Aggregation Model and Field Configuration Equivalency Validation Testing M. Davis DTE Energy Technologies Farmington Hills, Michigan D. Costyk DTE Energy Detroit, Michigan A. Narang Kinectrics Toronto, Ontario National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 July 2003 • NREL/SR-560-33909 Distributed and Electric Power System Aggregation Model and Field Configuration Equivalency Validation Testing M. Davis DTE Energy Technologies Farmington Hills, Michigan D. Costyk DTE Energy Detroit, Michigan A. Narang Kinectrics Toronto, Ontario NREL Technical Monitor: Thomas Basso Prepared under Subcontract No. AAD-0-30605-09 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: [email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Foreword DTE Energy, which includes the regulated electric utility Detroit Edison, and DTE Energy Technologies, the unregulated subsidiary of DTE Energy, recognized a need to encourage the use of distributed resources to mitigate future generation capacity shortages, improve reliability, and provide a lower-cost energy-delivery system. DTE Energy Technologies is the prime contractor for this study. Kinectrics, an unregulated subsidiary of Ontario Hydro, is a recognized authority in determining whether harmonics exceed IEEE 519 and evaluating both the steady-state and transient stability of distributed resources connected to distribution circuits. Kinectrics was also a major contributor to the EEI Planning, Operations, and Interconnection DR Task Force 29-issue report issued in September 1999. This company was selected as a subcontractor for DTE Energy. The study team consisted of: DTE Energy • Murray Davis, vice president and chief technology officer • Ronald A. Fryzel, retired • David M. Costyk, principal engineer, Relay Engineering • Raluca Capatina-Rata, engineer, Relay Engineering • Kenneth J. Pabian, engineer, Relay Engineering Kinectrics • E. Peter Dick, principal engineer, Transmission and Distribution Technologies • Arun Narang, principal engineer, Transmission and Distribution Technologies. iii iv Table of Contents Table of Figures............................................................................................................................vii Table of Tables................................................................................................................................x 1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background........................................................................................................1 1.2 Issues..................................................................................................................2 1.3 Study Procedure.................................................................................................3 1.4 Major Findings...................................................................................................4 1.5 System and DR Characterizations .....................................................................5 2. Part I: System Protection Issues...............................................................................................8 2.1 EEI Issue 1: Improper Coordination – Protective Device Operates for Fault on Adjacent Fault......................................................................................9 2.2 EEI Issue 1: Improper Coordination – Reduced Fault Detection Sensitivity..19 2.3 EEI Issue 2: Nuisance Fuse Blowing Because of DR Fault Current ...............22 2.4 EEI Issue 15: Faults Within the DR Zone .......................................................29 2.5 EEI Issue 16: Isolate DR for Upstream Fault ..................................................40 2.6 EEI Issue 27: Upstream Single-Phase Fault Causes Fuse Blowing.................45 3. Part II: Voltage and Stability Issues........................................................................................54 3.1 EEI Issue 8: Harmonics ...................................................................................55 3.2 EEI Issue 11: Voltage Regulation Malfunctions (Not Actively Regulating System Voltage)...............................................................................................63 3.3 EEI Issue 22: Loss of Exciters Causes Low Voltage.......................................70 3.4 EEI Issue 11A: Voltage Regulation Malfunctions (Actively Regulating System Voltage)...............................................................................................74 3.5 EEI Issue 20: Steady-State Stability ................................................................79 3.6 EEI Issue 21: Transient Stability .....................................................................80 Appendix A: Information Required for Interconnection.........................................................A-1 Appendix A.1 Information Required to Evaluate a Request From a Generating Customer to Install Facilities on the Distribution System ............................ A-1 Appendix A.2 Electric Utility Information Required by a Generating Customer....................................................................................................... A-4 Appendix B: Tasks, Subtasks, and Schedule..........................................................................B-1 Appendix C: System Characteristics and Contingencies ......................................................C-1 Appendix C.1 Generator, Inverter, and Circuit Characteristics...........................C-1 Appendix C.2 System Protection Contingencies.................................................C-8 Appendix D: Maximum DR Penetration Limits Curve Development .....................................D-1 Appendix D.1 Development for EEI Issue 1 ...................................................... D-1 Appendix D.2 Use of Maximum Penetration Curve for Issue 2......................... D-3 Appendix E: Ration of Fault Currents Flowing Into a Lateral ................................................ E-1 v Appendix F: Logarithmic Interpolation .................................................................................... F-1 Appendix G: Infeed Effects........................................................................................................G-1 Appendix H: Study Results .......................................................................................................H-1 Appendix H.1 EEI Issue 1 – Improper Coordination ......................................... H-1 Appendix H.2 EEI Issue 1 – Reduced Protective Device Sensitivity................. H-4 Appendix H.3 EEI Issue 2 – Nuisance Fuse Blowing Because of DR Fault Current .......................................................................................................... H-5 Appendix H.4 EEI Issue 15 – Faults Within the DR Zone................................. H-8 Appendix H.5 EEI Issue 16 – Isolate DR for Upstream Fault............................ H-9 Appendix H.6 EEI Issue 27 – Upstream Single-Phase Fault Causes Fuse Blowing....................................................................................................... H-13 Appendix I: Overview of Typical Analysis Steps by Utility Protection and Planning Engineers ..................................................................................................................................... I-1 Appendix J: List of Remaining Work for Future Study........................................................... J-1 Appendix K: Definitions.............................................................................................................K-1