APPENDIX 5 INVENTORY OF U.S. OCEAN AND COASTAL FACILITIES GOVERNORS’ DRAFT MARCH 2004 YOU MAY ELECTRONICALLY DOWNLOAD THIS DOCUMENT FROM THE U.S. COMMISSION ON OCEAN POLICY WEB SITE: HTTP://WWW.OCEANCOMMISSION.GOV THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE CITED AS FOLLOWS: APPENDIX 5, PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE U.S. COMMISSION ON OCEAN POLICY GOVERNORS’ DRAFT, WASHINGTON, D.C., MARCH 2004 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION to the INVENTORY 1 1.1 Purpose of the Inventory 2 1.2 Methodology 2 1.3 Using This Appendix 4 CHAPTER 2. MARITIME COMMERCE and TRANSPORTATION 5 2.1 Marine Transportation System 7 2.1.1 Overview of U.S. Waterborne Commerce 7 2.1.2 Shipping Vessels 8 2.1.3 Trends in Shipping and Cargo Movement 10 2.1.4 U.S. Coastal Ports System 11 2.1.4.1 Deep-Draft Ports 12 2.1.4.2 Shallow Ports 14 2.1.5 Marine Terminals and Intermodal Connections 14 2.1.6 U.S. Merchant Marine 16 2.1.6.1 Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force 18 2.1.6.2 Special Missions Program 18 2.1.6.3 Pre-positioning Program 19 2.1.6.4 Sealift Program 19 2.1.6.5 Ship Introduction Program 19 2.1.6.6 Ready Reserve Force 19 2.1.6.7 National Defense Reserve Fleet 20 2.1.7 U.S. Passenger Ferry System 20 2.1.8 U.S. Cruise Industry 22 2.1.9 U.S. Shipbuilding and Repair Industries 25 2.1.9.1 Private Shipyards 25 2.1.9.1.1 Major Shipyards 25 2.1.9.1.2 Small and Mid-sized Shipyards 29 2.1.9.2 Employment and Economic Impacts 30 2.1.9.3 Public Shipyards 32 2.1.9.3.1 U.S. Coast Guard Shipyards 32 2.1.9.3.2 U.S. Navy Shipyards 32 2.1.10 U.S. Marine Salvage and Dredging Industries 33 2.1.10.1 Marine Dredging 33 2.1.10.2 Marine Salvage 33 2.1.11 Aids-to-Navigation 34 2.2 Marine Industries 35 2.2.1 U.S. Offshore Natural Gas and Oil Production 35 2.2.2 Transoceanic Cables 41 2.2.2.1 Current U.S. Submarine Cable Capabilities 41 2.2.2.2 Future Outlook for Transoceanic Cables 42 2.2.3 U.S. Commercial Fishing Industry 42 Inventory of U.S. Coastal and Ocean Facilities i 2.2.3.1 Fish Landings 42 2.2.3.2 Fish Production 43 2.2.3.3 Fish Imports and Exports 43 2.2.3.4 Fish Consumption 44 2.2.3.5 Fish Products 44 2.2.3.6 Aquaculture 44 2.2.4 Marine Recreational Industries 45 2.2.4.1 Recreational Fishing 45 2.2.4.2 Recreational Boating and Watercraft 46 References 47 CHAPTER 3. OCEAN and COASTAL SAFETY and PROTECTION 53 3.1 Natural Resource Management 55 3.1.1 Living Marine Resources 55 3.1.1.1 Fish, Marine Wildlife, and Habitats 55 3.1.1.1.1 Federal Resources 56 3.1.1.1.2 State Facilities 58 3.1.1.1.3 Coastal Zone Management Program 58 3.1.1.2 Endangered Species 60 3.1.2 Non-living Marine Resources 61 3.1.2.1 Marine Water and Air Quality 61 3.1.2.1.1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 61 3.1.2.1.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 62 3.1.2.1.3 U.S. Navy 63 3.1.2.1.4 U.S. Geological Survey 63 3.1.2.1.5 State Facilities 64 3.1.2.2 Offshore Oil, Gas, and Minerals 64 3.1.2.3 Historic and Cultural Resources 64 3.2 Navigation and Marine Safety 65 3.2.1 Dredging and Waterways Maintenance 65 3.2.1.1 Dredging 65 3.2.1.2 Icebreaking 65 3.2.1.2.1 U.S. Coast Guard Icebreaking 65 3.2.1.2.2 U.S. Navy Icebreaking 67 3.2.2 Aids-to-Navigation and Navigation Systems 68 3.2.2.1 Short-Range Aids-to-Navigation 68 3.2.2.2 Radio Aids-to-Navigation 69 3.2.2.2.1 LORAN-C Transmitting Stations 69 3.2.2.2.2 Global Positioning Systems 70 3.2.2.3 Aids-to-Navigation Teams 71 3.2.2.4 Aids-to-Navigation Vessels 71 3.2.2.4.1 180-Foot and 225-Foot WLBs 71 3.2.2.4.2 175-Foot WLMs 72 3.2.2.5 Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System 72 3.2.2.6 Vessel Traffic Services 72 3.2.2.7 Global Positioning System Capabilities 73 3.2.3 Nautical Charting and Surveying 73 3.2.3.1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 73 3.2.3.2 U.S. Navy 74 ii Contents 3.2.4 Marine Forecasting 75 3.2.4.1 Marine Observation Network 76 3.2.4.1.1 Moored Buoys 76 3.2.4.1.2 Coastal Marine Automated Network 76 3.2.4.1.3 Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis 77 3.2.4.1.4 Voluntary Observing Ship Program 77 3.2.4.2 National Water-Level Observation Network 78 3.2.4.3 Tropical Atmospheric Ocean Buoy Array 78 3.2.4.4 Drifting Buoy Program 79 3.2.5 Vessel Inspection and Registration 79 3.2.5.1 Container Inspection Training and Assistance Team 79 3.2.5.2 National Documentation Centers 80 3.2.6 Search-and-Rescue 80 3.2.6.1 U.S. Coast Guard Groups and Bases 80 3.2.6.2 Multi-Mission Stations 81 3.2.6.3 U.S. Coast Guard Marine Vessels 81 3.2.6.3.1 U.S. Coast Guard Boats 81 3.2.6.3.2 U.S. Coast Guard Tugboats 81 3.2.6.4 U.S. Coast Guard Aircraft 82 3.2.6.5 U.S. Coast Guard Search-and-Rescue Systems 83 3.2.6.5.1 Atlantic Merchant Vessel Emergency Reporting System 83 3.2.6.5.2 National Distress Response System 83 3.2.6.5.3 Rescue 21 85 3.2.6.6 Communications Stations 85 3.3 Maritime Security and Enforcement 86 3.3.1 Coastal Patrol and Defense 87 3.3.1.1 U.S. Navy Coastal Patrol 87 3.3.1.2 U.S. Coast Guard Coastal Patrol 87 3.3.1.3 State Patrols 87 3.3.2 Port and Harbor Patrols 88 3.3.2.1 U.S. Coast Guard Port and Harbor Patrols 88 3.3.2.1.1 Marine Safety Offices 89 3.3.2.1.2 Port Security Units 89 3.3.2.1.3 Maritime Safety and Security Teams 89 3.3.2.1.4 Universal Automatic Identification System 90 3.3.2.2 State Port and Harbor Patrols 90 3.3.3 U.S. Coast Guard Deepwater Program 90 3.3.4 U.S. Coast Guard Intelligence Coordination Center 91 3.4 Environmental Protection and Response 91 3.4.1 Marine Pollution Assessment and Response 91 3.4.1.1 Federal Facilities 92 3.4.1.1.1 U.S. Coast Guard Response Capability 92 3.4.1.1.2 U.S. Navy Response Capability 93 3.4.1.1.3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Capability 93 3.4.1.1.4 Minerals Management Service Capability 94 3.4.1.1.5 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Response 94 Capability 3.4.1.2 State Environmental Response 95 3.4.2 Marine Salvage Capabilities 95 Inventory of U.S. Coastal and Ocean Facilities iii 3.4.2.1 U.S. Navy Salvage 96 3.4.2.2 U.S. Coast Guard Salvage 97 References 98 CHAPTER 4. RESEARCH, EXPLORATION, and MONITORING 103 4.1 U.S. Marine Laboratory Infrastructure 105 4.1.1 Academic Laboratories 105 4.1.2 Independent, Nonprofit Marine Research Laboratories 107 4.1.3 Federal Agency Laboratories 110 4.1.3.1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 110 Laboratories 4.1.3.2 U.S. Department of Defense Laboratories 116 4.1.3.3 U.S. Coast Guard Laboratories 118 4.1.3.4 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Laboratories 118 4.1.3.5 U.S. Department of the Interior Laboratories 118 4.1.3.6 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Laboratories 120 4.1.3.7 National Science Foundation Laboratories 121 4.1.3.8 U.S. Department of Energy Laboratories 121 4.1.3.9 Smithsonian Institution Laboratories 122 4.1.3.10 U.S. Food and Drug Administration Laboratories 123 4.1.4 State Marine Laboratories 123 4.2 Research, Exploration, and Monitoring Vessels 126 4.2.1 UNOLS Vessels 126 4.2.2 Academic Vessels 129 4.2.3 Federal Vessels 131 4.2.3.1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Vessels 132 4.2.3.2 U.S. Navy Vessels 133 4.2.3.3 U.S. Coast Guard Vessels 134 4.2.3.4 National Science Foundation Vessels 134 4.2.3.5 U.S. Department of the Interior Vessels 135 4.2.3.6 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Vessels 137 4.2.4 State Vessels 138 4.2.5 Commercial Vessels 139 4.3 Underwater Vehicles 139 4.3.1 Manned Submersibles 139 4.3.1.1 Shallow-Water Manned Submersibles 140 4.3.1.2 Mid-Water Manned Submersibles 140 4.3.1.3 Deep-Water Manned Submersibles 143 4.3.2 Remotely Operated Vehicles 144 4.3.2.1 Shallow-Water Remotely Operated Vehicles 146 4.3.2.2 Mid-Water Remotely Operated Vehicles 146 4.3.2.3 Deep-Water Remotely Operated Vehicles 147 4.3.3 Towed Vehicles 148 4.3.4 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles 149 4.3.4.1 Shallow-Water Autonomous Underwater Vehicles 151 4.3.4.2 Mid-Water Autonomous Underwater Vehicles 151 4.3.4.3 Deep-Water Autonomous Underwater Vehicles 152 4.4 Research, Exploration, and Monitoring Aircraft 153 iv Contents 4.4.1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Aircraft 153 4.4.2 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Aircraft 156 4.4.3 U.S.