Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(7): 2406-2409 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 07 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.807.295 Indian Almond Tree (Terminalia catappa Linn.) as Herbal Biomedicine in Aquaculture Industry Mahadevi1*, S. Felix1, K. Ravaneswaran1, P. Yuvarajan1 and K.S. Monica2 1Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India 2College of Fisheries Mangalore, Karnataka, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Aquaculture is growing drastically over the years with intensification. On the other hand intensification increased the stress, occurrence of diseases, K e yw or ds introduction of new pathogens and application of the synthetic chemical substances to overcome these problems. Recently adoption of herbal Indian almond tree, medicine in aquaculture practices is becoming the trend due its advantages Herbal- biomedicine, over the chemical substances. Plants are storehouses and sources of safer Antimicrobial, and cheaper chemicals. Numerous herbal plants have been identified for its Anti-parasitic, and Antifungal anti-microbial, antifungal, anti-parasitic, growth promotion, appetite stimulation, immunostimulation and stress reducer properties. Indian Article Info almond tree (Terminalia catappa Linn.) is one among them. Tannin is the Accepted: major chemical component of T. catappa which exhibits the antimicrobial 17 June 2019 property. The reports on use of Indian almond leaves as herbal biomedicine Available Online: 10 July 2019 have been reviewed in the present article. The extensive work need to be done to optimize the dose and duration of treatment against the most common pathogens. Introduction Hormones, antibiotics and vitamins. Generally these chemical substances are Aquaculture is intensifying substantially in introduced into culture systems without recent years, along with the high production proper knowledge of dose, application there are several constrains in the methods, mode of action and degradation intensification such as crowding which leads capacity. This may cause the side effects to to stress and ends up with the outbreak of culture animal, residual accumulation in the disease and crop failure. To control these edible tissue and drug resistance in the disease outbreaks farmers are increasingly pathogens. Adverse effects of antibiotics using the chemical components such as made increased the interest of consumer to 2406 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(7): 2406-2409 natural products (Fauci 1993). Plants are Chemical composition of the Indian storehouses and sources of safer and cheaper almond leaves chemicals (Chanu et al., 2012). The herbs have been used in the treatment of human The chemical compositions of this plant diseases and for revitalizing body systems contains tannins (punicalagin, punicalin, during almost all ancient civilizations (Aftab terflavin A and B, tergallagin, tercatain, and Sial 1999). The herbal medicine is chebulagic acid, geranin, granatin B, considered to be safe and economical. corilagin), flavanoids, isovitexin, vitexin, isoorientin, rutin and triterpenoiods (ursolic Preparations of herbal extract is most acid, 2α, 3β, 23-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28 oic important factor in disease control during acid) (Ahmed et al., 2005). which active ingredients such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antistress, growth promotion, Tannin is a polyphenolic compound appetite stimulation, tonic and consisting of antibacterial properties (Chung immunostimulation, and aphrodisiac et al., 1998). properties should not be lost (Chanu et al., 2012). In general herbal properties of the Indian almond leaves as Herbal medicine plants are related to the availability and activity of compound s such as alkaloids, Indian almond leaves has been locally flavonoids, pigments, phenolics, terpenoids, claimed to be a wound healing substance for steroids and essential oils. Siamese fighting fish hurt after matches (Liu et al., 1996). Chansue et al., (2004) opined Indian almond tree (Terminalia catappa that the leaves have a potential to use as an Linn.) is a large tree, which can reach up to alternative treatment for chemical substances 30 m height with a thick broad trunk; the and antibiotics. leaves cluster toward the end of the branches (Whistler, 1992). Leaves and barks of Indian Anti-microbial almond tree are widely used in human as a traditional medicine to treat hepatitis, The antibacterial active principles of the dermatosis, oral infections, and intestinal herbals may lyse the cell wall, block the ailments in children and adults. Decoction of protein synthesis and DNA synthesis, inhibit the leaves is used to treat indigestion, furred the enzyme secretions and interfere with the tongue, bronchitis and tuberculosis (Whistler, signalling mechanism of quorum sensing 1992). pathway (Citarasu, 2009). The crude ethanol extract from the leaves of Indian almond has Recent reports shows that extracts of leaves been observed to be active against and barks has properties such as (1) Anti- Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum cancer (2) Anti-oxidation (3) anti- inhibitory concentration of 512 µg/ml inflammation (4) antifungal properties (againt (Burapadaja, 1997). Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Aspergillus fumigates) Indian almond, Terminalia catappa, extract is (5) and antibacterial properties (against; an alternative antibacterial remedy against Staphylococcus epidermidis, S.aureus, tilapia bacterial pathogen A. hydrophila. The Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, and Pseudomonas growth of two strains of A. hydrophila was aeruginosa (Nantarika Chansue1and Nongnut inhibited at a concentration of 0.5 mg ml/L Assawawongkasem, 2008). (Chitmanat et al., 2005). 2407 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(7): 2406-2409 Anti-parasitic Application of herbal biomedicine is a possible way to reduce the use of synthetic Indian almond (Terminalia catappa) have chemical substances and to overcome its been reported (Chitmanat et al., 2005) to treat constraints such as side effects, residual issues tilapia fish ectoparasites viz., Trichodina sp. and drug resistivity. Indian almond leaves The infected fish become lethargic generate have the properties of herbal biomedicine, the excessive mucus and become off feed extensive work need to be done to optimize eventually which results in considerable the dose and duration of treatment against the deaths. Chitmanat et al., (2005) observed that most common pathogens. the crude extracts of Indian almond at 800 mg/L significantly (P<0.05) eliminated the References Trichodina sp. infections in tilapia (average weight 3.62±0.06 g each). According to these Aftab, K. and Sial, A. A. 1999. investigators Indian almond at 800 ppm was Phytomedicine: New and old approach. effective in eradication of Trichodina sp. from Hamdard Medicus, 42(2): 11-15. tilapia after 2-day treatment. Ahmed S M, Swamy V, Dhanapal P G R and Chandrashekara V M. Anti-Diabetic, The leaf extracts can eliminate Zoothamnium 2005. Activity of Terminalia catappa spp. infection of black tiger post larva shrimp Linn. Leaf Extracts in Alloxan-Induced within 24 hours after exposure (Watchariya et Diabetic Rats. Iranian J Pharmacol & al., 2004) and also has potential to decrease Therapeutics. 4(1): 36-39. the number of Gyrodactylus and Dactylogyrus Burapadaja, S. 1997. Research report entitled infection of gold fish (Chansue and antimicrobial activities derived from Tangtrongpiros, 2005). Indian almond (Terminalia catappa). Dept. of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anti-fungal Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University. 14p. The herbal extracts involve the fungal cell Chansue N, Mataderm T, Suilasuta A. 2004. wall lysis, altering the permeability, affecting Preliminary study of Effects of Dried the metabolism and RNA and protein Indian Almond Terminalia catappa leaf synthesis which leads to death (Citarasu, on ultrastuctural morphology of scale in 2010). Chitmanat et al., (2005) showed that Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Indian almond leaves (Terminalia catappa) Proceeding of Thai Herbal: extract reduced the fungal infection in tilapia Opportunities and Alternative way for eggs. The crude extracts of T. catappa had in Agriculture-Animal industries. Siam vitro antifungal properties against Pythium city Hotel. Bangkok, Thailand, January ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium 15-16: 140-144. rolfsii, and Aspergillus fumigatus (Goun et Chansue N, Tangtrongpiros J. 2005. Effect of al., 2003). Dried Indian almond Leaf (Terminalia catappa) on Monogenean Parasite of The limited study has been done on Gold Fish (Carassius auratus). application of Indian almond leaves as herbal Proceeding of the 4th Chulalongkorn biomedicine. The extensive works on the test University Veterinary Annual trials and toxicity study is needed in order to Conference. 60 Veterinary Anniversary popularize and commercialize the herbal Building, Chulalongkorn University, biomedicine. Faculty of Veterinary Science, 2408 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(7): 2406-2409 Bangkok, Thailand, February 15 (2005), J. and Chi C. 1996. Modification of 55-56. mitomycin C-induced clastogenicity by Chitmanat C, Tongdonmuan K, Nunsong W. Terminalia catappa L. in vitro and in 2005. The use of crude extract from vivo. Cancer Letters 105: 113-118. traditional medicinal plants to eliminate Nantarika Chansue1 and Nongnut Tricodina sp. In tilapia (Oreochromis Assawawongkasem, 2008. The