AMERICAN SCHOOL OF QUITO INTERNATIONAL SECTION STUDY GUIDE – Quimester & IB Biology Exams Use my webpage to help you with reviewing and organizing content https://sites.google.com/site/mrgregsmithsbiologypage/ Topic 1 Content Resources For a complete list of vocabulary that you should be able to define and apply: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Vmce4dDIrjqTjSOnQTtW_kf4pVFYCHM93msyxLg3Xo/edit?usp=sharing 1.1 The evolution of multicellular organisms allowed cell ● Edmodo, Notes, Bioninja, Biology Introduction to specialization and cell replacement. Guide Cells ● Cell theory (+ exceptions to the cell theory) ● YouTube video ● Functions of living things o 1.1 Nature of Science, Part ● Emergent properties 1 ● Surface area to volume ratio o 1.1 Nature of Science, Part ● Calculating magnification and actual sizes of 2 structures o 1.1 Application: Stem Cells ● Differentiation of cells o 1.1 Application: Functions ● Stem cells of Life o Use in therapy o Surface Area to Volume o Ethical considerations Ratio o Calculating Magnification (IB Biology) o Stem Cells and Differentiation o What are stem cells? How can they be used for medical benefit? o A Stem Cell Story ● Go go stem cells 1.2 Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than ● Edmodo, Notes, Bioninja, Biology Ultrastructure prokaryotes. Guide of Cells ● Draw and label prokaryotic structure ● YouTube videos o Describe the function of each structure o Eukaryopolis - The City of ● Draw and label eukaryotic structure Animal Cells: Crash Course o Define the function of each organelle and Biology #4 structure o Prokaryotic Cell Structure ● Interpret, label, and describe the function of o Prokaryotic Binary Fission structures seen in micrographs vs Eukaryotic Cell Cycle ● Outline binary fission in prokaryotes 1.3 Membrane The structure of biological membranes makes them fluid and ● Edmodo, Notes, Bioninja, Biology structure dynamic. Guide ● Draw and label the fluid mosaic model ● YouTube videos o Outline the role of each structure, including o 1.3 Skill: Analysis that led cholesterol, in the membrane to the Davson-Danielli ● Analyze micrographs as they relate to: model o Davson-Danielli Model o 1.3 Skill: Analysis that led o Singer-Nicholson Model to the Singer-Nicolson model o 1.3 Nature of Science 1.4 Membrane Membranes control the composition of cells by active and ● Edmodo, Notes, Bioninja, Biology transport passive transport. Guide ● Outline and explain ● YouTube videos o Passive transport o Facilitated Diffusion ▪ Simple diffusion o How Osmosis Works ▪ Facilitated diffusion o How Diffusion Works ▪ Osmosis o The Semipermeable o Active Transport Membrane ▪ Active transport o Concentration gradients | ▪ Endocytosis Membranes and transport | ▪ Exocytosis Biology | Khan Academy ● Distinguish between the roles of membrane proteins o Osmosis: A Solute and in facilitated diffusion and active transport Solvent Love Story ● Describe the formation and role of vesicles in active transports 1.5 Origin of There is an unbroken chain of life from the first cells on Earth ● Edmodo, Notes, Bioninja, Biology cells to all cells in organisms alive today. Guide ● Outline the evidence to support the origin of cells on ● YouTube videos Earth o What Was The Miller-Urey o Miller-Urey Experiment Experiment? o Endosymbiotic theory o Endosymbiosis o Universal Genetic Code o 1.5 Nature of Science o The Endosymbiosis Theory: Evolution of Cells o What Is the RNA World Hypothesis? o endosymbiotic theory 1.6 Cell Cell division is essential but must be controlled. ● Edmodo, Notes, Bioninja, Biology division ● Describe and draw the stages of mitosis Guide o Identify cells in a stage of the cell cycle ● YouTube videos based on a micrograph or illustration o Mitosis: Splitting Up is ● Outline the activities in the cell of interphase Complicated Crash Course ● Describe the role of cyclins in regulating the cell Biology #12 cycle o 1.6 Nature of Science ● Mutagens, oncogenes and metastasis are involved in o Mitosis Music Video by the development of primary and secondary tumors Peter Weatherall ● Calculate mitotic index of a tissue ● You must be able to draw and: o Label the following diagrams ▪ The ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. ▪ The ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. (Plant and animal cell) ▪ Drawing of the fluid mosaic model. ▪ Structure of a phospholipid o Annotate the following diagrams ▪ Phases of mitosis in cells viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph Topic 1 Review 1. What are the three parts of the cell theory? a. What scientists were involved in developing the different parts b. What are other features living things share in common with each other? c. APPLICATION: What are the exceptions to the cell theory? Why are they exceptions? ​ 2. What are the characteristics/functions of living things? a. APPLICATION: How do prokaryotic, unicellular organisms show all the functions of life? ​ 3. What is surface-area-to-volume ratio? How can it be calculated? a. How does SA:V ratio limit cell size? b. How do organisms overcome SA:V ratio? Organisms exhibit a variety of modifications, both physiological and anatomical, to compensate for changes in the surface area to volume ratio associated with size differences. One example of this is the higher metabolic rates found in smaller (homeothermic) animals. Because of their large surface area relative to volume, small animals lose heat at much higher rates than large animals, and therefore must produce more heat to offset the effects of thermal conductance. Another example is the variety of internal transport systems that have developed in plants and animals for actively moving materials throughout the organism, thus enabling them to circumvent the limits imposed by passive diffusion. Many organisms have developed structures that actually increase their surface area: the leaves on trees, the microvilli on the lining of the small intestine, root hairs and capillaries, and the convoluted walls of arteries, to name but a few. Beals, M., L. Gross, and S. Harrell. "THE SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO." THE SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO . N.p., 2000. Web. 08 May 2016. 4. What are emergent properties? Provide an example. 5. How do cells become specialized? a. What happens during cell differentiation? 6. What are stem cells? a. What are the three primary human stem cells? b. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using them? c. What are ethical considerations for stem cell research and use? d. How can stem cells be used to treat Stargardt’s disease and Leukemia? 7. Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell structure. a. What structures are found in both? What are only found in one but not the other? b. APPLICATION: State the function of each structure and/or organelle for both types of ​ organisms. Escherichia coli, or E. coli, is a prokaryotic organism you must be familiar with. ​ ​ ​ This is used as a classic example, and forms the basis of many questions in the IB. 8. APPLICATION: How do prokaryotes reproduce? Describe the process. ​ 9. Compare and contrast the functions of light microscopes and electron microscopes. 10. Describe the structure and properties of a phospholipid. a. Define amphipathic. 11. Outline the position and function of membrane proteins (integral vs. peripheral). 12. What specific types of cells utilize cholesterol in their membranes? a. APPLICATION: What is the function of cholesterol in cell membranes? ​ b. What is the source of the cholesterol? 13. SKILL: What evidence did Davson & Danielli use to propose their model of the plasma membrane? ​ a. SKILL: What evidence did Singer & Nicholson use to falsify the Davson-Danielli model ​ 14. Outline passive forms of transport. Include whether a protein is utilized or not, and how the protein functions. a. APPLICATION: How do potassium channels function in the axons of neurons for facilitated ​ diffusion? b. APPLICATION: Why do tissues and organs need to be bathed in isotonic solutions? ​ 15. Outline active forms of transport. Include whether a protein is utilized or not, and how the protein functions. a. APPLICATION: How do sodium-potassium pumps function in the axons of neurons for active ​ transport? 16. Outline the endosymbiotic theory of how eukaryotic cells acquired chloroplasts and/or mitochondria. a. What is the evidence to support this theory? 17. How did the Urey-Miller experiment help show how the first cells must have arisen from nonliving material? 18. APPLICATION: Describe Pasteur’s experiments with swan-neck flasks. ​ a. How did this falsify spontaneous generation, and verify that all cells are formed from preexisting cells? 19. What are the end products of mitosis? a. What is supercoiling? When does this occur? 20. Outline the events that occur during the following stages, and draw them: a. Interphase (I) i. G1 ii. S (you should be able to outline the steps of DNA replication) iii. G2 b. Mitosis (M) i. P ii. M iii. A iv. T c. Cytokinesis i. How is this different in plant cells vs. animal cells? 21. What are cyclins? How do they control the cell cycle? 22. What are primary tumors? Secondary tumors? a. Define mutagens. What role do they have in tumor formation? ​ ​ b. Define oncogenes. What role do they have in tumor formation? ​ ​ c. Define metastasis. What role does it have in tumor formation? ​ ​ d. APPLICATION: what is the correlation between smoking and incidence of cancers? 23. SKILL: Imagine you are viewing a sample of 742 cells. 671 of them are in interphase, 37 are in ​ prophase, 16 are in metaphase, 7 are in anaphase, and 11 are in telophase / cytokinesis. What is the mitotic index of this sample? Topic 2 Content Resources For a complete list of vocabulary that you should be able to define and apply: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1UTYDkk5TgNHCQlxWElpX3lLctu74xqx5u_xtcj9C78/edit?usp=sharing 2.1 Molecule to Living organisms control their composition by a complex ● Edmodo, Notes, Bioninja, Biology metabolism web of chemical reactions.