Carriage by Air of Special Categories of Passengers Contract Number: EASA.2008.C.25 Final Report Requested by: Procurement and Contracts Section European Aviation Safety Agency Ottoplatz 1 D-50679 Cologne, Germany Tenderer: TÜV Rheinland Kraftfahrt GmbH Am Grauen Stein D-51105 Cologne, Germany Authors: Martin Sperber, Dr. Hendrik Schäbe, Daniel Masling, David Toth, Jan Küting, Michael Demary, Gero Wodli Cologne, 09.11.2010 Issue 1.1. including clarifications of quotes in paragraphs 4.2.8.2 and 4.5.1.9. Content Page I Content Seite 1 Abbreviations ....................................................................................................1 2 Executive Summary ..........................................................................................3 3 Methodology .....................................................................................................6 4 Data Search and Review ..................................................................................8 4.1 Regulations ...................................................................................................8 4.1.1 International Classification of SCP .........................................................8 4.1.1.1 STCR .............................................................................................. 9 4.1.1.2 WCHR............................................................................................. 9 4.1.1.3 WCHS ............................................................................................. 9 4.1.1.4 WCHP ............................................................................................. 9 4.1.1.5 WCHC............................................................................................. 9 4.1.1.6 BLIND ............................................................................................. 9 4.1.1.7 DEAF .............................................................................................. 9 4.1.1.8 DEAF/BLIND................................................................................... 9 4.1.1.9 MAAS (meet and assist) ................................................................. 9 4.1.1.10 DEPA ............................................................................................ 10 4.1.1.11 DEPU ............................................................................................ 10 4.1.1.12 DPNA ............................................................................................ 10 4.2 Existing Aviation Rules and Guidance Material...........................................11 4.2.1 Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 ..............................................................12 4.2.2 EU-OPS................................................................................................12 4.2.3 JAA Temporary Guidance Leaflet TGL No. 44 .....................................17 4.2.4 Certification Specifications (Amendment 6)..........................................18 4.2.5 Acceptable Means of Compliance ........................................................24 4.2.6 Technical Standard Orders...................................................................25 4.2.7 The Passenger Rights in the EU ..........................................................28 4.2.7.1 Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2006 .................................................... 28 4.2.7.2 Comparison of Passenger Rights in the EU and in the US ........... 30 4.2.8 National Aviation Requierements .........................................................35 4.2.8.1 CAA Germany............................................................................... 35 4.2.8.2 CAA United Kingdom .................................................................... 37 4.2.8.3 CAA Belgium................................................................................. 40 4.2.8.4 CAA Netherlands .......................................................................... 42 4.2.8.5 CAA Denmark ............................................................................... 42 4.2.8.6 CAA France and CAA Spain ......................................................... 42 4.3 Relevant Common Practice.........................................................................43 4.3.1 Airlines..................................................................................................43 4.3.2 Associations for Persons with Disabilities.............................................44 Content Page II 4.3.3 Aircraft Manufacturers ..........................................................................45 4.3.4 Cabin Crew Associations......................................................................46 4.3.5 Aviation/ Airline Associations................................................................49 4.3.6 German Federal Police.........................................................................49 4.4 Accident Reports.........................................................................................52 4.4.1 Mulhouse-Habsheim, Air France A320.................................................53 4.4.2 Toronto, Air France A340-313 ..............................................................58 4.4.3 Fort Worth International, American Airlines DC-10-30..........................67 4.5 Relevant results of reviewed studies...........................................................71 4.5.1 Short summary of relevant results........................................................71 4.5.1.1 Aircraft Evacuation Testing: Research and Technology Issues .... 71 4.5.1.2 Regulatory Study on Emergency Evacuations -Final Synthesis and Recommendations ........................................................................ 71 4.5.1.3 CAA Paper 2006/01 - A Database to Record Human Experience of Evacuation in Aviation Accidents .................................................. 72 4.5.1.4 ATSB, Evacuation Commands for Optimal Passenger Management 72 4.5.1.5 NTSB - Emergency Evacuation of Commercial Airplanes............. 73 4.5.1.6 Computer Simulation of VLTA Evacuation Performance: VERRES Project Report ............................................................................... 74 4.5.1.7 ETSC Increasing the Survival Rate in Aircraft Accidents - Impact Protection, Fire Survivability and Evacuation ................................ 74 4.5.1.8 CAA Paper 2002/04 Benefit Analysis for Cabin Water Spray Systems and Enhanced Fuselage Burnthrough Protection........... 75 4.5.1.9 CAA Paper 2009/01 – Cabin Crew Fire Training........................... 76 4.5.1.10 Protective Brace / Safety Positions for Passengers and Cabin and Cockpit Crew in Emergency Landing Conditions or Aborted Take- Off ................................................................................................. 77 4.5.1.11 Study on Child Restraint Systems................................................. 77 4.5.2 SCP Evacuation ...................................................................................78 4.5.2.1 Caring for Precious Cargo, Part I: Emergency Aircraft Evacuations with Infants onto Inflatable Escape Slides..................................... 78 4.5.2.2 Caring for Precious Cargo, Part II: Behavioral Techniques for Emergency Aircraft Evacuations with Infants Through the Type III Overwing Exit................................................................................ 80 4.5.2.3 Access-to-Egress II: Subject Management and Injuries in a Study of Emergency Evacuation Through the Type-III Exit ..................... 82 4.5.2.4 Access-To-Egress III: Repeated Measurement of Factors That Control the Emergency Evacuation of Passengers through the Transport Airplane Type-III Overwing Exit .................................... 84 4.5.2.5 FAA Evacuation Tests: Emergency Escape of Handicapped Air Travellers ...................................................................................... 85 4.5.2.6 TÜV Rheinland Evacuation Tests ................................................. 91 Content Page III 5 Risk Assessment ............................................................................................98 5.1 Scope of Risk Assessment..........................................................................98 5.2 Procedure....................................................................................................98 5.3 Description of the Tables used for Risk Assessment ................................106 5.4 Special Categories of Passengers ............................................................107 5.4.1 Infants.................................................................................................107 5.4.2 Children up to seven years.................................................................108 5.4.3 Children up to 12 years ......................................................................109 5.4.4 Expectant Mothers..............................................................................110 5.4.5 Passengers on stretchers...................................................................110 5.4.6 Small Adults .......................................................................................111 5.4.7 Tall Passengers..................................................................................111 5.4.8 Extremely Overweight Passengers.....................................................112 5.4.9 Physical Disabled Passengers (upper limbs) .....................................113 5.4.10 Physical Disabled Passengers (low mobility) .....................................113 5.4.11 Physical Disabled