EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION ON EGG MASSES, JUVENILES AND ADULTS OF BIOMPHALARIA PFEIFFERI, HOST OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI TONNY TEYA NYANDWARO MASTERS OF SCIENCE (Parasitology and Entomology) JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018 Effect of sodium chloride solution on egg masses, juveniles and adults of Biomphalaria pfeifferi, host of schistosoma mansoni Tonny Teya Nyandwaro A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of master of science in Medical Parasitology and Entomology in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology 2018 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University Signature: …………………………… Date: ……………………………… Tonny Teya Nyandwaro This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as University Supervisors. Signature: ………………………… Date: ………………………… Prof. Zipporah Ng’ang’a, PhD JKUAT, Kenya Signature: ……………………….. Date: …………………………… Dr. Gerald M. Mkoji, PhD KEMRI, Kenya ii DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my wife who with unconditional love has always been supporting me through the course of study. This thesis is also dedicated to my mother, brother Maghanga, my sisters Kambe and Wakio for their love, endless support and encouragement. With fond memories of my late father Abel Magiya iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Gerald Mkoji of the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) for his support as I undertook my research. He facilitated collection of snails used in the study, provided laboratory space and the material I needed for my research, and further more gave guidance, suggestions and valuable comments that helped shape this work. I also sincerely thank my supervisor Prof. Zipporah Ng’ang’a of College of Health Sciences COHES, at the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) for her guidance, encouragement and for her valuable comments during the entire study. I’m truly grateful to her for support. In spite of her busy schedule she was always available to offer guidance and support during my project. My sincere gratitude’s to staff members of the Schistosomiasis section at the Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD) in KEMRI where I did my research project for their support and help, and in particular, I sincerely thank Mr. Martin Mutuku for his guidance on snail maintenance procedures and his valuable suggestions My sincere appreciations to my friends, Samson and Betty for their encouragement and moral support. To all those who helped me in one way or another during my training-I say thank you for their contributions to my education. Last but not least, I sincerely thank my Mom, my brother and my sisters for their prayers, love, encouragement, and for being there for me. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF APPENDICES ....................................................................................................... x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. xi ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background Information .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement .................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Justification .............................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................ 5 1.4.1 Null hypothesis ................................................................................................. 5 1.5 General Objective .................................................................................................... 5 1.5.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................... 6 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Burden of Schistosomiasis ....................................................................................... 6 2.2 Role of Snails In Schistosomiasis Transmission ........................................................ 7 2.3 Snail Control Approaches ......................................................................................... 8 2.4 Chemical MOLLUSCICIDES ....................................................................................... 9 v 2.5 Plants Molluscicides ............................................................................................... 10 2.6 Environmental Vector Control ............................................................................... 12 2.7 Other Snail Control Approaches ............................................................................ 12 2.8 Role of Salt In Snail Control .................................................................................... 13 2.9 Biological Control of Schistosomiasis ..................................................................... 13 CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................... 15 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Study Design........................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Site of Study ........................................................................................................... 15 3.3 Collection of Snails ................................................................................................. 15 3.4 Snail Maintenance.................................................................................................. 15 3.5 SALT (Nacl) PREPARATION ..................................................................................... 16 3.6 Effect Of Nacl Solution On Hatchability Of B. Pfeifferi Egg Masses And Their Development...................................................................................................................... 16 3.6.1 Test Solution .................................................................................................. 16 3.6.2 Controls .......................................................................................................... 16 3.7 Effect Of Nacl Solution On The Survival Of Neonate Of B. Pfeifferi ....................... 16 3.8 Effect Of Nacl On The Survival Of Adult B. Pfeifferi ............................................... 17 3.9 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................ 19 RESULTS ....................................................................................................................... 19 4.1 General Observations ............................................................................................ 19 4.2 Effect of Nacl Solution On Egg Masses Of Snails .................................................... 21 vi 4.3 Effect of Nacl Solution On Neonates Of B. Pfeifferi ............................................... 28 4.4 Effect of Nacl On Adult B. Pfeifferi ......................................................................... 30 CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................. 38 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 38 5.1 Adults Snails ........................................................................................................... 40 5.2 Neonates ................................................................................................................ 42 5.3 Egg Masses ............................................................................................................. 43 CHAPTER SIX ................................................................................................................ 46 SUMMARY CONCLUSION