A peer-reviewed open-access journal Subterranean Biology 13: 55–64The (2014) scientific contribution of Guy Magniez( 1935–2014) 55 doi: 10.3897/subtbiol.13.7412 IN MEMORIAM Subterranean Published by www.pensoft.net/journals/subtbiol The International Society Biology for Subterranean Biology The scientific contribution of Guy Magniez (1935–2014) Florian Malard1, Jean-Paul Henry2, Christophe J. Douady1,3 1 Université de Lyon, UMR5023 Ecologie des hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Université Lyon1 ENTPE CNRS, Villeurbanne 69622, France 2 8, rue des Cygnes, Fontaine-lès-Dijon 21121, France 3 Institut Univer- sitaire de France, Paris 75005, France. Corresponding author: Florian Malard ([email protected]) Academic editor: O. Moldovan | Received 3 Mach 2014 | Accepted 19 March 2014 | Published 10 May 2014 Citation: Malard F, Henry J-P, Douady CJ (2014) The scientific contribution of Guy Magniez (1935–2014). Subterranean Biology 13: 55–64. doi: 10.3897/subtbiol.13.7412 His career at the laboratory of animal and general biology in Dijon, France Guy Magniez was born on 23 August 1935 at Marey-sur-Tille, a small village in Côte-d’Or (France). He followed high school studies in Dijon and obtained his high school diploma in 1953. He was an elementary school teach- er during one year before joining the Uni- versity of Dijon where he passed a Bachelor’s degree in Natural Sciences in 1958. In 1959, he involved in research at the Laboratory of Geology and obtained a Master degree by Photo 1. Photography of Guy Magniez. submitting a research report on the microfa- cies of crinoidal Bajocian limestones. Once he successfully passed the Aggregation for secondary education in Natural Sciences in 1960, he integrated the Research Laboratory of Animal and General Biology at the University of Dijon under the direction of Professor Husson. He began with the organization of practical classes for first-year students and a few years later he became responsible for organizing practical classes in general biology and genetics for bach- elors. At this time, Guy was in charge of breeding fruit flies for teaching purpose in Copyright Florian Malard et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 56 Florian Malard et al. / Subterranean Biology 13: 55–64 (2014) addition to breeding stenasellids for his research activity (see below). Then, he was offered a teaching assistantship and took the lead of the bachelor program in Natu- ral Sciences. After submitting his state doctoral Thesis in 1976, he delivered lectures to under-graduate and graduate students. He became an associate professor in 1985 and was responsible for preparing graduate students to become teachers. Guy was an exceptional pedagogue: he supervised numerous master students (including the first author of this memorial) and led many students to go into teaching natural sciences. In addition to his heavy teaching duties, Guy also invested much time into social and administrative tasks at the University of Dijon. As a committed educator, Guy was both extremely modest and discrete: he has always been greatly appreciated by his colleagues and students. He was appointed knight of the Order of Academic Palms as soon as 1979, and officer in 1986. His research began in 1960 and he was retired in 1999, but he was still contributing to national and European research projects in the 2010’s (Deharveng et al. 2009, Morvan et al. 2013). The biology of Stenasellus virei Most of the information on the life cycle of Stenasellus virei Dolfus, 1897 (Stenasel- lidae) are from dedicated studies conducted by Guy during the sixties and seventies. From 1960 to 1976, he collected several populations of Stenasellus in the Pyrenees and Cantabria and reared them in the Moulis Cave (Pyrenees), Antheuil Cave (Côte-d’Or) and in thermostatic rooms at the University of Dijon. Rearing was a necessary step to document the life cycle of Stenasellus because the body size distribution of cave popu- lations was truncated, with almost no juveniles due to a strong cannibalism (Magniez 1973). Collecting S. virei alive and rearing them for more than 15 years was obviously a challenging task. Collecting in cave yielded a few individuals with no juveniles and sampling in the hyporheic zone did not provide many more individuals as many of them were killed during pumping. Reproduction events were rare even in controlled conditions and larvae born in aquaria were preyed by adults when they were not rap- idly isolated. Moreover, rearing care had to be interrupted for 17 months when Guy had to perform his military service (1961–1963). Despite these difficulties, Guy re- ported in 1975 his detailed findings on the biology of S. virei in a 250-page long article published in International Journal of Speleology (Magniez 1975). The intramarsupial development of S. virei lasts 9–10 months but the female keeps an empty marsupium for several months after releasing its larvae because the reproductive intermolt lasts 15–16 months. A reproductive intermolt is always followed by at least one genital-rest intermolt (lasting 9–11 months), so that the shortest interval between successive egg- laying periods of a single female is at least 2 years. Post marsupial larval development is about 11-month long and an additional 5–6 years are needed before the female reaches its age at first reproduction (i.e. 6–7 years or more). Life span in males and females is about 12 and 15 years, respectively. As reproduction events occurs at best every 2 years and the number of eggs per reproduction event is on average 32 (range: 15–60 eggs), a The scientific contribution of Guy Magniez( 1935–2014) 57 single female would at most produce 150 eggs during its life. Detailed information on the life cycle and reproduction biology of groundwater organisms are scarce. However, biological features such as generation time and number of offsprings per individual are essential for understanding evolution in the subterranean environment. Younger gen- erations of scientists are increasingly becoming aware of the value of detailed biological information on subterranean species provided by tedious studies conducted during the second half of the 20th century. Systematics of Asellidae and Stenasellidae Perhaps, the greatest contribution of Guy consisted in clarifying the systematics of Stenasellidae and Asellidae. He described or co-described a total of 109 taxa among which 6 genera (Bragasellus, Gallasellus, Metastenasellus, Neostenetroides, Parastenasellus, and Sibirasellus), 3 species of Asellus, 13 species of Bragasellus, 48 species of Proasellus, 5 species of Synasellus and 31 species and subspecies of Stenasellidae (Table 1). As his taxonomic knowledge of the Aselloidea and meticulous morphological descriptions were rapidly recognized by the scientific community, Guy received biological mate- rial from all over the world and described species in Africa, America, Asia and Europe (Figure 1). Although Guy never published a single cladogram, his approach of the systematics of Aselloidea was all about finding the relationships among species through time. Relationship between taxa was essentially inferred from the shape of male copu- latory organs (second pleopods), the detailed structure of which was revealed by means of scanning electron microscopy as early as the seventies (Henry and Magniez 1969). Following the seminal work of Racovitza (1919), Henry and Magniez (1968, 1970) initiated the modern systematics of Asellidae by distributing into 8 genera the heterogeneous set of taxa that had long been attributed to the genus Asellus E.L. Geof- froy, 1762. Their motivation stood from the necessity to distinguish between distinct “natural groups”, the members of which shared more evolutionary history with each other, than they did with members of other groups. Fifty years later, the foundations of the asellid systematics as described by Henry and Magniez (1968) are still valid, even though the family contains many more genera and species. Many of the evolutionary inferences made by the authors on the basis of morphological characters were corrobo- rated by recent phylogenetic studies using molecular markers (Morvan et al. 2013). The systematics of Asellidae has been continuously refined by Guy and Jean-Paul Hen- ry for the last 20 years (Henry and Magniez 1993, 1995, Magniez 1996, Magniez and Henry 2001). The family is now represented by three distinct lineages. The Asellus pat- tern lineage with its diversification center in the north-Pacific area contains species be- longing to the two Asellus subgenera Asellus (Asellus) and Asellus (Arctasellus) Geoffroy (Boreal Eurasia and Alaska) and the genera Mesoasellus Birstein (Baïkal), Phreatoasellus Matsumoto (Japan, Korea), Nipponasellus Matsumoto (Japan), Columbasellus Lewis, Martin & Wetzer (Washington, see Lewis et al. 2003), Uenasellus Matsumoto (Japan), Sibirasellus Henry & Magniez (Primorye) and Calasellus Bowman (West of North- 58 Florian Malard et al. / Subterranean Biology 13: 55–64 (2014) Table 1. List of genera, species and subspecies described or co-described by Guy Magniez. Numbers refer to the location of species and subspecies as indicated in Figure 1. Asellidae Stenasellidae 1. Asellus (Asellus) levanidovorum Henry & Magniez, 1995 71. Magniezia gardei Magniez, 1978 2. Asellus (Asellus) primoryensis Henry & Magniez, 1993