INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE PRODUCTION IN TAIWAN: A CREATIVE ECONOMY APPROACH By Chao-Shiang Li A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Ironbridge International Institute for Cultural Heritage School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT 1 November 2017 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This thesis deals with Taiwan as a post-colonial nation, with an identity that remains somewhat ambiguous, from both internal and external perspectives. Specifically, in this thesis, the complexities of its Taiwan’s multicultural legacies are explored through the presentation in industrial heritage sites. Industrial heritage in Taiwan is mainly the product of the Japanese colonial period between 1895 and 1945, which spans the first half of the twentieth century. This fifty-year colonial industrialisation is arguably Taiwan’s most influential industrial heritage because it began a rapid process of modernisation that is continuing today. The key to this process is the industrialisation that led to the development of main parts of the island, catalysed new communities and social patterns and structured daily life. These industrial locations have now become heritage sites for tourism and creative development, Moreover, the interpretation of these sites highlights the re-contextualisation of the Taiwanese legacy from both political and economic perspectives. However, these sites also reveal some highly problematic place-related aspects of the colonial narrative. This thesis examines how this heritage is produced in a society that remains connected to Japanese culture, a society in which industrial heritage is influenced by the increasing convergence between cultural tourism, i museumification (i.e. the process by which a particular heritage is recognised to the extent that it is turned into a museum) and commercialisation Furthermore, new relationships are identified, which reflect the patterns and trends of wider economic, social and cultural changes. The thesis concludes by offering a deeper understanding of the valorisation of industrial heritage in Taiwan and its influence on broader Taiwanese narratives of geopolitics and global heritage agenda. ii Acknowledgements I would especially like to thank Professor Mike Robinson for his inspiration, guidance, insights, and encouragement throughout the research process and Dr Roger White for his invaluable advice and for introducing me to new ways of approaching the topic of industrial heritage / archaeology. I sincerely thank both of them, my supervisors, for their thoughtful responses to my preliminary conclusion. I am grateful to all the participants for providing me with access to tremendously rich materials for investigation but also their generously sharing their thoughts and ideas in relation to my research. Finally, I would particularly like to thanks my wife, Wen-Ling. I would never achieve so far without her wholehearted support and companionship. iii Contents Abstract i Acknowledgements iii Contents iv List of Figures x List of Tables xiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Research 9 1.3 The Context of Taiwan: An Overview 13 1.4 Overall Research Methodology 18 1.5 Organisation of the Thesis 19 1.6 Conclusion 22 Chapter 2 Industrial Heritage—Emerged Perspectives in the Global Context 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 The Birth of Industrial Heritage 33 2.2.1 From Ruin to Legacy 36 2.2.2 Heritagisation of Industrial Sites 40 iv 2.2.3 The Post-industrial Context 48 2.2.4 Economy, Tourism and Aesthetics 50 2.3 A Complex Legacy: Industrial Heritage in Post-Colonial Countries 53 2.3.1 The Category and Geography of Industrial Heritage 53 2.3.2 The Post-industrial Context of Industrial Heritage 65 2.3.3 Colonial Industrialisation: Modernity and Postcoloniality 69 2.3.4 Heritage-making Beyond the Post-colonial and Industrial Past 73 2.4 A Post-modern Context: Tourism, Commercialisation, Nationalism 77 2.5 Conclusion 82 Chapter 3 Japanese Industries, Taiwanese Industrial Heritage 87 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 The Historical Context of Taiwan 90 3.2.1 Two Colonists and Two Kingdoms in the 1600s’ Formosa 94 3.2.2 Taiwan During the Qing Dynasty 97 3.3 The Construction of the Heritage System in Taiwan 100 3.3.1 Concept of Culture Heritage in the Early Stages 101 3.3.2 Establishment of Cultural Authorities: the 1970s–1990s 105 3.3.3 Changing Administrations: Post-2000 107 v 3.3.4 The Framework of Cultural Heritage Preservation in Taiwan 112 3.4 Japanese Colonial Industrialisation in Taiwan 118 3.4.1 Japanese Colonialism in Taiwan 120 3.4.2 Colonial Economy: From Agrarian to Industrial 122 3.4.3 Taiwan on the Road towards Modernisation 131 3.4.4 Shifting Value of the Colonial Legacy 136 3.5 The Heritagisation of Japanese Industries in Taiwan 139 3.5.1 Post-War Industry Reshuffle and New Industrialisation 140 3.5.2 The Rise of Japanese Industrial Heritage Preservation in Taiwan 143 3.5.3 The Development of Taiwanese Industrial Heritage 148 3.6 Conclusion 151 Chapter 4 Methodology 154 4.1 Introduction 154 4.2 Research Philosophy and Paradigm 156 4.3 Research Approaches, Concepts, and Strategies 161 4.4 Research Questions 165 4.5 The Case Study: Fieldwork Approach 168 4.6 Data Collection and Fieldwork 175 vi 4.6.1 Participant Observation 179 4.6.2 In-depth Interview 183 4.6.3 Data type and Source, and Data Analysis 189 4.7 Consideration of Ethical issues 191 4.8 Conclusion 195 Chapter 5 The Constructing of Industrial Heritage in Taiwan 197 5.1 Introduction 197 5.2 Key Drivers of Producing Industrial Heritage 198 5.2.1 Industrial Heritage by Default 199 5.2.2 New Directions in Entrepreneurship; Ambitions in Tourism 204 5.2.3 Industrial Heritage as a National Narrative 213 5.3 Governing Industrial Heritage: Emerged Forms 218 5.3.1 Operation Types: Museum, Creative Park and Tourist Attraction 229 5.3.2 Relations between Stakeholders 245 5.3.3 Towards an Authorised Industrial Heritage Discourse? 264 5.4 Conclusion 269 vii Chapter 6 Engaging with Taiwan’s Industrial Past 273 6.1 Introduction 273 6.2 Modes of Interpretation: Conformity or Creativity? 275 6.2.1 Industrial Heritage in the Foreground 276 6.2.2 Industrial Heritage as a Background 289 6.2.3 Different Management Structures and Strategy 301 6.3 Changing User Groups 309 6.4 The Industrial Aesthetics 317 6.5 Shifting Meanings, Shifting Identities 330 6.5.1 Globalised Rainbow as National-Building Approach 331 6.5.2 New Relationship between Colonial Past and Industrial Narrative 336 6.6 Conclusion 341 Chapter 7 Conclusion 343 7.1 Introduction 343 7.2 Industrial Heritage-Making in Taiwan 345 7.2.1 (Re) Framing Industrial Heritage Governance and Conversation 346 7.2.2 Industrial Heritage: A Microcosm of Taiwan’s Heritage Agenda 353 7.3 Taiwanese Industrial Heritage in the Global Context 358 viii 7.3.1 Shifting Geopolitical Relation towards National Narrative 359 7.3.2 Understanding Industrial Heritage in the Global Context 363 7.4 Strengths of the Research and Limitations 368 7.4.1 Strengths and Future Directions 368 7.4.2 Research Limitations 376 7.5 Conclusion 378 Appendix 1: The List of Interviewees 385 Appendix 2: Summary of Selective Taiwan’s Industrial Heritage Sites 387 Appendix 3: The Schedule of Interview and Fieldwork 2014–2016 398 Appendix 4: Abbreviations 403 Bibliography 404 ix List of Figures Figure 1.1 The Chapter Structure of this Thesis 18 Figure 2.1 Statistics of Industrial World Heritage Sites 50 Figure 3.1 Relation of Ethnic Groups in Taiwan 93 Figure 3.2 Proportion of Ethnic Groups in Taiwan 93 Figure 3.3 Timeline of Heritage Development in Taiwan and Globally 112 Figure 3.4 Diagram of Cultural Heritage Categories in Taiwan 116 Figure 3.5 Map of Japanese Colonial Taiwan1895–1945 119 Figure 3.6 Geography of Japanese-built Industrial Heritage in Taiwan 151 Figure 3.7 The Development of Industrial Heritage in Taiwan 147 Figure 4.1 The Research Design 169 Figure 5.1 The Commercialisation at Qiaotou Sugar Refinery 209 Figure 5.2 The Crowd in Huashan Creative Park 210 Figure 5.3 New Shopping Mall and Old Old Tobacco Warehouse at Songshan Creative Park 210 Figure 5.4 The Defaced Japanese Shrine Remains in Ciaotou Sugar Refinery 217 Figure 5.5 The Revised Text in a Display Panel at the National Science and Technology Museum Exhibition 222 Figure 5.6 The Front Page of National Taiwan Museum– Namen Park’s Leaflet 225 Figure 5.7 The Japanese Ceremony Event in the Gold Museum 225 Figure 5.8 A Quasi-Japanese Brands in Songshan Cultural and Creative Park 227 Figure 5.9 Japanese Ornament in the Gold Museum 227 Figure 5.10 Japanese Garden in Chiayi Forestry Cultural Park 228 Figure 5.11 The Display Board of the reuse of Pei-Pu Steam Power Station in x National Museum of Marine Science and Technology 232 Figure 5.12 The Modern Architecture of National Museum of Marine Science and Technology 232 Figure 5.13 Pei-Pu Steam Power Station in 2004 232 Figure