The Identification of the Volkswagen Bora 1.6 L. Petrol Engine, Used in the Ecodrive Project

The Identification of the Volkswagen Bora 1.6 L. Petrol Engine, Used in the Ecodrive Project

The identification of the Volkswagen Bora 1.6 l. petrol engine, used in the EcoDrive project Citation for published version (APA): Bruijn, de, P. M. J. (2003). The identification of the Volkswagen Bora 1.6 l. petrol engine, used in the EcoDrive project. (DCT rapporten; Vol. 2003.066). Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2003 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. 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If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement: www.tue.nl/taverne Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at: [email protected] providing details and we will investigate your claim. Download date: 24. Sep. 2021 The identification of the Volkswagen Bora 1.6 1. petrol engine, wed in the EcoDrive project. P.M.J.de Bruijn DCT report: 2003-66 Internship Eindhoven, July, 2003 Technische Universiteit Eindlnoven Department of Mechanical Engineering Devision of Dynamics and Control Technology Hub van Doornes Chair Coach: Dr. Ir. A.F.A. Serrarens Supervisor: Prof. Ir. N.J.J. Liebrand The identification of the Volkswagen Bora 1.61. petrol engine, used in the EcoDrive project. P.M.J. de Bruijn July, 2003 Abstract Because the fossil fuel reserves are decreasing and the environment gets more important for society, carmanufacturers are, pushed by governmental legislation, trying to make cleaner and more fuel economic vehicles. At the Technische Universiteit Eindhoven there is also a project aiming at reduction of fuel consumption. As a result of that project, the ZI transmission is designed. The principle of that ZI transmission is that a steel flywheel assists the internal combustion engine with mechanical torque. The flywheel is designed to decelerate when the engine speeds up quickly. All of the energy that is stored in the flywheel goes to the engine and compensates the energy that would be lost by speeding up parts with a high inertia. The ZI transmission uses a VanDoornes V-belt CVT as transmission. Because the ZI transmission is a prototype, a new controller has to be built. There are two main functions for this controller. First it has to determine with which force the CVT pulleys must pinch to avoid slip between pulleys and belt, and it has to make sure that that force is generated by the pump. Second, the CVT controller tries to shift the transmission in such a way that the engine runs as much as possible on its economy-line, which is the line that connects the points in the enginemap with the highest efficiency. The setpoints for the hydraulic force with which the CVT pinches are the points from the engine map of the Volkswagen Bora, which is the test vehicle. Because the engine map is not known, this has to be reconstructed. Therefore some experiments have to be done. The engine torque can be defined by making use of an a priori known torque characteristic of a torque converter. A torque converter is a device for converting torque or turning moment by hydrodynamic means; that is by making use of the kinetic energy of a fluid in motion. A torque converter exists of three vaned wheels: an impeller, a turbine and a reactor. The torque amplification is the highest when the vehicle is launched from rest. In that case the slip between impeller and turbine is the largest. The engine torque can be reconstructed in the experiment at a certain speed from the impeller torque and the known pump losses. The impeller torque is defined by a so called input capacity factor and the impeller speed. The pump losses were determined earlier on a test rig. Because not all engine operating points could be reached (quasi-)stationary, the engine map obtained is extrapolated. This extrapolating is done by following the trend of another 1.6 1. engine. In order to find the economy-line, the specific fuel consumption must be known. The specific fuel consumption can be determined because the momentary fuel mass flow can be recon- structed. Therefore the injection time is metered. It is sufficient to know the injection time because the engine is equipped with an electronic multipoint fuel injection system. In such a system the injection pressure is constant and the flow of fuel is direct and proportionally related to the injection time. Other injection systems are single-point fuel injection systems, mechanical multipoint fuel injection systems and direct injection systems. The fuel injection valve is the device that makes sure that the fuel is atomized and is injected in the cylinder in a correctly dosed quantity. Each fuel injection system has its own type of injection valve. When the momentary fuel consumption is defined, the specific fuel consumption can be determined. rnllne economy-line jE-iinej can be found by connecting the points in the engine map of the highest efficiency at each feasible engine power. The CVT controller then knows at which ratio the CVT should work in order to let the engine run in its optimal point. Because some assumptions are made during the experiments, the accuracy of the results are not very high. But for the CVT controller the results of the experiments are accurate enough. For other applications where the accuracy should be improved, some adjustments should be done to the experiments. Samenvat t ing Aangezien de voorraad van fossiele brandstoffen steeds kleiner wordt en het milieu voor veel regeringen steeds belangrijker wordt, zijn automotive en petrochemische bedrijven steeds meer bezig met het vinden van schonere en zuinigere auto's. Op de Technische Universiteit Eind- hoven is ook een project gaande om het brandstof gebruik te verminderen. Het principe van dit EcoDrive project is dat een stalen vliegwiel de verbrandingsmotor helpt door middel van mechanisch koppel. Het vliegwiel is zo ontworpen dat, zodra de motor optoert, het vliegwiel snel aftoert. De energie die in het vliegwiel opgeslagen zit, komt daarbij dus vrij en die kan gebruikt worden om de energie te compenseren die door de traagheden van de motor en ver- snellingsbak verloren gaat. Alle energie van de motor kan nu dus gebruikt worden om het voertuig te versnellen. De ZI powertrain maakt gebruik van een VanDoorne Transmissie's duwband CVT als versnellingsbak. Aangezien deze powertrain een prototype is, moet er een nieuwe regeling ontworpen worden voor de CVT. De setpoints voor deze regeling, die de hydraulische knijpkracht die geleverd moet worden regelt, zijn de punten die voortvloeien uit de motormap van de Volkswagen Bora, hetgeen het testvoertuig is van het EcoDrive project. Omdat Volkswagen echter die motormap niet wil vrijgeven, is het noodzakelijk om deze te reconstrueren. Daarom is het doen van experimenten noodzakelijk. Het motorkoppel kan bepaald worden door gebruik te maken van een geopende koppelornvormer. Een kop- pelomvormer is een onderdeel van de aandrijflijn dat bij automatische versnellingsbakken en CVT's dienst doet als koppeling. Een koppelomvormer kan een koppel versterken op hydro- dynamische gronden, dus door gebruik te maken van de kinetische energie die een vloeistof in beweging bezit. Een koppelomvormer bestaat uit drie schoepenraden: een impeller, een turbine en een reactor wiel. The impeller is bevestigd aan de uitgaande as van de motor. Als de impeller begint te roteren, wordt de olie door de vorm van de schoepen in de richting van de turbine gegooid. De turbine is aan de ingaande as van de CVT bevestigd . Omdat de turbine ook schoepen bezit, begint deze te roteren en zal het voertuig wegrijden. De olie wordt nu naar het reactor wiel geworpen, die de olie zo afbuigt dat deze precies de goede in- treehoek heeft voor de impeller. Omdat de olie ook nog impuls bezit, wordt het motorkoppel versterkt door de olie dat van het reactor wiel komt. Het voordeel van de koppelomvormer is het grootst als een voertuig wegrijdt uit stilstand, dus als de slip tussen impeller en tur- bine het grootst is. Als de slip onder een bepaald punt komt, treedt een lock-up in werking waardoor de koppelomvormer als een star lichaam functioneert en er geen verliezen meer op- treden. Het motorkoppel kan gereconstrueerd worden met behulp van experimenten doordat het rnotorkcppel gelijk is aaE het impellerkoppel plus de pornpverliezen. Het impellerkoppel kan bepaald worden door de capaciteitsfactor van de koppelomvormer en het motortoerental. De pompverliezen zijn in een eerder stadium bepaald op een proefstand.

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