Resilience in Action: Adaptive Governance for Subaks, Rice Terraces, and Water Temples in Bali, Indonesia Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Fox, Karyn M. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 07:07:49 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/242455 RESILIENCE IN ACTION: ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE FOR SUBAK, RICE TERRACES, AND WATER TEMPLES IN BALI, INDONESIA by Karyn Marie Fox _____________________ Copyright © Karyn Marie Fox 2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Karyn Marie Fox entitled Resilience in Action: Adaptive Governance for Subak, Rice Terraces and Water Temples in Bali, Indonesia and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________________________________________Date: 08/06/12 J. Stephen Lansing ____________________________________________________________Date: 08/06/12 Timothy J. Finan ____________________________________________________________Date: 08/06/12 Steven Kuhn Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ____________________________________________________________Date: 08/06/12 Dissertation Director: J. Stephen Lansing 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Karyn Marie Fox 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS From the beginning, this research has been a collaborative effort, drawing on the expertise, insights, and friendship of many. I thank my doctoral committee, Steve Lansing, Tim Finan, and Steve Kuhn for their enduring support and intellectual guidance. The invitation from Steve Lansing to visit farmers in Wangaya Betan in 2006 started this odyssey in Bali. His network of colleagues, friends, and institutional contacts made this work possible; his curiosity, intellect, and dogged pursuit of the question at hand enriched it fully. To Tim Finan, I owe my first foray into anthropology. He has been opening doors to research questions and helping me to sharpen my lens ever since. In Bali, this work is dedicated to the community of Wangaya Betan, Somya Pertiwi, and the subak, families, temple priests, and government officials of Batukaru and beyond who generously shared their time and lives. I am especially grateful to Ibu Rama and family for welcoming us into their home and to Pak Arisa Nengah. I extend special thanks to Wayan Alit Arthawiguna and family, Sang Putu Kaler Surata, and Yunus Arbi for their hospitality, patience, and guidance throughout my research experience—matur suksma! I cherish the friendship of Ibu Made, Wayan, Dekna, and Pak Wayan. I owe a great deal to research collaborators from Bali’s Agricultural Research and Technology Assessment Unit, especially: Ketut Suardana, Gusti Ngurah Penatih, Ida Bagus Suryawan, I Gusti Ngurah Rimbawa, Ni Made Delly Resiana, Candra, and Nyoman Rudiana. Ayuk Penatih and Gusti Agung Sri Rwa Ja provided invaluable assistance in the field. I am grateful to my fellow ‘teammates’ from the Stockholm Resilience Centre, especially Anna Schmuki and Fernanda Hernandez Cedillo. I extend my appreciation to Elizabeth Rhoades and Hannah Reiss, AMINEF, as well as Tom Hunter and Ni Wayan Pasek Aryati. The time and insights of veteran researchers of the subak have enriched my learning, with special thanks to Nyoman Sutawan, Rachel Lorenzen, John Schoenfelder, Graeme MacRae, and Stefan Lorenzen. I extend my thanks to my fellow students at the University of Arizona: Steve Cole, Victoria Phaneuf, Nick Rattray, Brian Burke, Jacob Campbell, David Seibert, Heidi Hausermann, and Anne Ranek and family. A special thank you to Kristin Hedges, for inspiration and friendship. I also appreciate our community of researchers of Indonesia: Yancey Orr, Priscilla Magrath, Jonathan McLeod, and especially Meryanne Tumonggor Shay. Thank you to Georgia Ehlers, Camilla Strausfeld, and the staff at the School of Anthropology. Funding for this dissertation came from Fulbright IIE, the Santa Fe Institute, and at the University of Arizona: SBSRI, BARA-Diebold, SoA, and AAFSA. For friendship and support over these many years, my thanks to: Ruth Allard, Jeff Banister, Angela Urbon-Bonine, Kevin Bonine, David Burkhalter, and Malisa Bobbitt. I also thank the crew at TANGO: Tim Frankenberger, Mark Langworthy, Jeanne Downen, Jill Huss, and Arif Rashid and family. Special thanks to Rich Caldwell, Brad Sagara, Laurie Starr, and Monica Mueller for their special injections of expertise. Jeanne Dustman provided space and solitude when I needed it most. I am deeply grateful to my (extended) family: Tom Spangler, Lynn Fox, Wayne Fox, Kimberly Fox, Jeff Fox, Roger Fox, Kathy Spangler, Christine Myers, Russell Myers, and Chris Floess. While credit for this work goes to many, responsibility for the errors herein is mine alone. 5 DEDICATION For my parents, Lynn and Wayne, for their ongoing support, both tangible and symbolic. For Tom, with thanks for this journey and those to come. For Nate and Zoë, and the resilience of the next generation. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. 8 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ 9 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2 RESILIENCE, ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE, AND THE BALINESE SUBAK ................................................................................................................. 23 A. Resilience and Adaptive Governance .................................................................... 23 B. The Subak in Bali ................................................................................................... 37 C. UNESCO World Heritage Cultural Landscapes .................................................... 48 D. Research Sites and Methods .................................................................................. 51 CHAPTER 3 BALI ON THE BRINK ............................................................................. 62 A. Green Revolution Agriculture: The Cumulative Effects ...................................... 64 B. Tourism Development ........................................................................................... 70 C. Deforestation .......................................................................................................... 81 D. Decentralization: Otonomi Daerah ........................................................................ 85 E. The Challenge to Resilience .................................................................................. 87 CHAPTER 4 “BALI IS BALI FOREVER”: COSMOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION .......................................................................... 90 A. Worldviews and Adaptive Governance ................................................................. 92 B. Tri Hita Karana, Balinese Cosmovision, and Contemporary Discourse ............... 94 C. Tri Hita Karana, Kebalian, and Adaptive Capacity ............................................. 101 D. The Subak System as a Manifestation of Tri Hita Karana ................................... 103 E. Tri Hita Karana and the Subak at the Center of the Cultural Landscape of Bali Province .............................................................................................................. 108 F. Bali is Bali Forever .............................................................................................. 112 7 CHAPTER 5 GOING ORGANIC IN WANGAYA BETAN ........................................ 114 A. Organic Farming in Wangaya Betan: “Gifts of the Earth Goddess” ................... 115 B. “Go Organic”— Trends in Agricultural Policy and Practices in Bali, Indonesia, and the Asia Region ............................................................................................ 122 C. Adaptive Governance at the Local Level ............................................................. 126 D. From Wangaya Betan to World Heritage ...........................................................