Proceedings of The 2nd Annual International Conference Syiah Kuala University 2012 & The 8th I T-GT Uninet Biosciences Conference Banda Aceh, 22-24 November 2012 The theory of recttification in biological systems A. Dani,− P. Szendr −Lausitzer Seenland Klinikum, Hoyerswerda, Germany, Faculty of echanical Engineering, Szent Istvan University, G'd'll(, Hungary. Corresponding author, e-mail, arpad.dani.seenlandklinikum.de , onkohelp.yahoo.com Abstract. The theory of 0iological rectification originated from the study of physiological processes of the human 0ody. 1iological processes are defined 0y certain structures2 0iological rectification is achieved 0y 0iological structures too. These rectifying 0iological structures are the 0iological rectifying valves, a definition adopted from physics. An e4tension of this notion leads to a generalization of the rectification phenomena in 0iological systems. The practical value of this theoretical concept is widely presumed. Here we show that the loss of rectification may result in dysfunction or even destruction of the 0iological system, the rectification implies the simplification of 0iological processes, reduce the utilization of energy in 0iological systhems and in general can help in understanding the processes in the human 0ody and 0iology 0etter. 5e hope that e4perts of different scientific fields will pro0a0ly confirm or disprove this hypothesis. Keywords, 0iological rectification, 0iological rectifying valves, 0iological valve structure, 0iological valve effect, loss of rectification. Keywords: biological rectification, biological rectifying valves, biological valve structure, biological valve effect, loss of rectification Introduction The theory of biological rectification is a generalization of a biological process that has not yet been emphasized ,ell. The ,ord .rectification/ has several meanings. The most ,ell-0no,n definition is used in electricity but this ,ord is also used in geology, civil engineering, graphic arts and so on. The phenomenon of rectification has been described in certain biological processes, for e1ample, in ion channels 21, 23, electrical synapses 23, 43 or in connection ,ith 0inesin 253. Biological Rectification BR) Every independent 0iological process has a more-or-less defined starting and end point. As these processes always advance from the starting to the end point, the progression of the events are one-way, that is, the progression is rectified. This can 0e seen in human system, swallowed food goes through the alimentary tract, urine is discharged from the kidneys, neural stimuli are transferred from the 0rain to the peripheral nerves or vice versa, people6s life continues from 0irth until death and so on. In nature, everything has a definite reason and a purpose. Supposing 0iological processes are rectified, it must also 0e assumed that this one-way progress is defined 0y something, that7s the 0iological rectification 81R:. The position of the BR in biological systems The second law of thermodynamics esta0lishes that energy is always transferred from a state of higher energy to another state of lower energy. The same thing happens in the 0iological systems too. A living organism is an unpredicta0le system. Its non-equili0rium is o0tained from the environment, which possesses a greater degree of non-equili0rium than the living organism. 5hen a living organism loses its a0ility, as a singular system, to hack into environmental no-equili0rium, it turns into a more equili0rated system2 that is to say, it dies. All 0iological processes are irreversi0le and unwavering progressions. All natural processes take place on the route of Entropy, whose unidirectional trajectory is determined 0y the flow of Time. 810:. A special interest in the irreversi0le thermodynamic 0ecame the study of non-equili0rium steady states, in which entropy production and some flows are non-zero, 0ut there is no time variation 812:. 5hen an open system is in conditions that allow it to reach a sta0le stationary thermodynamically non-equili0rium state, it organizes itself so as to minimize total entropy production defined locally. This sta0le stationary thermodynamically non-equili0rium state is the Life. Life is not a force or a kind of energy, 0ut a state of quantum energy. Optimally this,, conditions“ allows to reach some sta0le states with minimal or zero energy, 0ut in most of the cases the 0iological system must interact very efficiently with the environment in order to reach 276 )olume 2 Number 1, 2012 Proceedings of The 2nd Annual International Conference Syiah Kuala University 2012 & The 8th I T-GT Uninet Biosciences Conference Banda Aceh, 22-24 November 2012 and maintain this sta0le state. Efficiency means self organisation. According to our view, in this self organizing process has the 0iological rectification 81R) a great role. Biological rectifying valves BRV) 1iological processes are defined 0y certain structures, which also mean that 0iological rectification is achieved 0y 0iological structures too. Referring to these rectifying 0iological structures as 0iological rectifying valves 81RA6, an e4ample of 1RA is the venous valve presented in Figure 1, while other e4amples include the valves of the heart or valves in the lymphatic vessels. VALVE TUBE FLUID P1 P2 Fig.1. The venous valves as 0iological Fig.2. The physical rectifying valve rectifying valves The definition was adopted from physics7 a physical rectifying valve 8Fig.2: is a valve that permits the flow of the liquid, gas or semi-solid material in only one direction. 1iological rectification as a function is mediated 0y 0iological valves as structures. However, the e4istence of certain structures suggests certain functional characteristics, indicating that the identification of 0iological valves can help in justifying the hypothesis of 0iological rectification. oreover, the more processes that are shown to 0e rectified, the more general the theory of 0iological rectification 0ecomes. Materials and Methods A EDLICE and ICTERCET search was performed, using the keywords Drectification“, D0iological rectification“ , Dirreversi0ility in 0iology“, Dunidirectional evolution“. Results and Discussion BR in Human System The hypothesis of 0iological rectification originated from the study of the human 0ody. The evaluation of transport of fluids 8urine, 0lood or lymphatic fluid: and solid materials 8food or feces: provided the generalization of rectification to several systems of the 0ody 8the circulatory system, the lymphatic system, urinary tracts and the alimentary tract:. The study of physiological processes of the human 0ody and the 8to date, partial: evaluation of the relevant literature suggested the conclusion that rectification can 0e traced in other systems of the 0ody 277 )olume 2 Number 1, 2012 Proceedings of The 2nd Annual International Conference Syiah Kuala University 2012 & The 8th I T-GT Uninet Biosciences Conference Banda Aceh, 22-24 November 2012 8for e4ample, the nervous system: 84: and most, if not all, physical and chemical processes are also rectified 8cellular mem0rane transport: 85:. Generalization of BR In order to make the hypothesis of 1R general, the definiton of 1RA must 0e widened and the following new entities must 0e introduced, The biological valve structure BVS) It is very important to emphasize that anatomical structures similar to physical valves are not the only ones that can work as rectifiers. Rectification can also 0e carried out 0y special geometrical arrangement of certain anatomical structures, e.g., the 0iological valve structure. A good e4ample is the anatomical unit of the ureterovesical junction 8Fig.3:. Ureter Urinary Ureterovesical jonction bladder wall Fig. 3. The ureterovesical junction as 0iological valve structure The ureter passes through the wall of the urinary 0ladder o0liquely so the increasing intravesical pressure can close the distal segment of the ureter, even though there is not any valve-like structure. Other e4amples of the 0iological valve structure are the cardia, the pylorus, the 1auhin6s valve in the alimentary tract. The biological valve effect BVE) The 0iological valve effect means the generalization of the idea of 0iological valves. Every 0iological process, which drives the function 8or the e4istence: of a certain 0iological system e4clusively in one direction, is a process with a 0iological valve effect. E4amples of the 0iological valve effect are the mucous mem0rane of the intestines, that allows nutritive adsorption in only one direction, the neuronal synapses, as the stimuli can 0e transferred only in one direction, the endocrine regulation 8in human system: of pu0erty or menopause, as well as the sophisticated mechanism of apoptosis. Other structures in biological systems with the same function Ramakrishnan C. et al. 86: descri0ed 0iochemical switches 8B)S8: as a functional module. They found nearly 4,500 reaction topologies that demonstrate switching 0ehavior. Iust as a computer memory unit can store a 0it of 0 or 1 through electrical signals, a 0iochemical switch can 0e in one of two states, where chemical signals are on or off. This lets the cell record the presence/a0sence of an environmental stimulus, the level of a signaling molecule, or the result of a cell fate decision. This switches opens up new 0ioinformatics approaches to understanding cellular decision making and cellular memory. Gil et al. 811: in their study 0ridges an important gap 0etween the genetic architecture of a regulatory network and the functional requirement for 27E