WE SHOULD ALL BE FEMINISTS! FEMINISM: FROM FEMINISM TO ECOFEMINISM Can you be a feminist if you consume dairy products? FEMINISM CHALLENGES TO FEMINISM HERSTORY Protofeminism: Protesting against male dominance IS STRIVING... Multiculturalism & relativism Multiculturalism is bad for women because it tolerates intolerance Some Reflections on Marriage by Mary Astell. ‘If all men are for a world in which 1700 born free, how is it that all women are born slaves towards women, e.g. forced marriages. (Susan Moller Okin) ?’ women and men have to end the subjection of Déclaration des Droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne. by equal moral status, equal Pseudoscience 1791 Olympe de Gouges. women. Science itself is gender neutral. There is no ‘male’ science. However, moral rights and equal 1792 A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft. social respectability. (male) scientists may have a male gender bias. William Thompson states in Appeal of One Half of the Human Race, Women, Against the Pretensions of the Other Half, Men, to Postcolonial guilt 1825 for a society where women White western feminists versus (black) womanists. Retain Them in Political, and Thence in Civil and Domestic for a society where both Slavery that women are treated as slaves. can be free and do as they women and men can Small perspective A Plea for Women by Marian Kirkland Reid . please without harming Me-feminism versus global feminism, such as Global Sustainability 1843 develop their capabili- other sentient beings ca Elizabeth Smith Miller establishes the Rational Dress ties to the fullest. Goals. (‘I am OK, so why should I care about feminism?’) 1850 Movement against restrictive dress for women. including future generations. Fear for violence First Wave: The right to vote In many cases women cannot speak out because of threat and fear of 1859 On Liberty by John Stuart Mill. (male) violence. On the Subjection of Women by John Stuart Mill and Harriet Ecofeminism 1869 Taylor . ‘Marriage is the only form of slavery permitted by law.’ Expanding feminism towards ecofeminism by acknowledging other New Zealand is the first country to grant women the right to vote. kinds of oppression (by men), such as non-human animals. 1893 The Women’s Bible by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Feminist ? WHY FEMINISM ? Ecofeminism thus includes veganism. (Carol Adams) 1895 interpretation of the Bible. The project of emancipation is not completed. Publication of the utopian novel Herland by Charlotte Perkin 1915 ? Examples of barriers are the glass ceiling, sexism, Gilman about a peaceful and happy society of only women. Woman’s Social and Political Union established by suffragette violence against women, forced marriage, ‘honour’ SOME HOTLY DEBATED ISSUES 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst . ‘Deeds, not words!’ . killings and unequal career opportunities. Married Love Prostitution Should we strive for humane working 1918 , controversial book about sexual education by Special attention to women from Islamic or Hindu conditions of sex workers or is there a Marie Stopes . ? backgrounds because of risk of suppression. There is fundamental moral problem with Second Wave: Social and sexual liberation prostitution? 1920 What Every Girl Should Know by Margaret Sanger: sexual an urgent need for mixed mandatory secular education for girls. science-based, liberal education. Abortion There still is strong opposition to aborti- A Room of One’s Own, Virginia Woolf: ‘A woman must have on and the legalization of abortion. 1929 money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction’. There is no guarantee that women’s freedom in the Feminists need to work for the global The Kinsey Reports, Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. West will remain. Vigilance is necessary. availability of legal abortion. 1948 Challenged conventional beliefs about sexuality because they ? discussed subjects that had previously been taboo. Female sexuality Many cultures and religions are obses- Eleanor Roosevelt chaired the committee that established the Feminism should be global and support the rights of Universal Declaration of Human Rights which grants equal rights sed with supressing and controlling 1948 to women and men. Article 1: All human beings are born free and ? women worldwide. female sexuality and nudity. equal in dignity and rights. The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir. ‘Woman has always been Pornography Does pornography lead to rape, sexual 1949 man’s dependant, if not his slave; the two sexes have never ESSENTIALS OF FEMINISM violence and a distorted view of shared the world in equality.’ sexuality? Is (all) pornography Equal pay for equal work principle. Equal rights for women, Equal science-based, 1957 Treaty of Rome: degrading for women? Or is it 1962 Introduction of the contraceptive pill. including the right to liberal education for liberating sexuality? In The Feminine Mystique Betty Friedan argued against the vote, the right to stand women and men. 1963 traditional expectation for women to be full-time homemakers. Femicide The killing of females because they are Sexual Politics by Kate Millett . ‘A sexual revolution begins with for office and equal pay Sexual education and females. (Diana Russell) 1970 the emancipation of women, who are the chief victims of for equal work. freedom. patriarchy, and also with the ending of homosexual oppression.’ Equal opportunities for OBSTACLES 1975 United Nations International Women's Year. The right to live with the Women in Western Political Thought by philosopher Susan women. person(s) you love. Patriarchism Sexism 1979 Moller Okin: the herstory of philosophy. Right to contraceptives. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Right to abortion. Men dominating women. There is sexism in many forms, Against Women (CEDAW): ‘To ensure elimination of all acts of even in feminist societies like the 1981 discrimination against women by persons, organizations or The right to divorce freely Stimulating the full enterprises.’ Paternalism Netherlands. and easily. flourishing of the 1984 Legalization of abortion in the Netherlands. Other people telling you Importance of individual individual (capabilities Religion 1990 Women, Art & Society by Whitney Chadwick on artherstory. what to do. In many cultures Fourth Wave: Ecofeminism liberty including the approach). women have much less Religions have a strong The Sexual Politics of Meat. A feminist-vegetarian critical theory freedom for women to freedom than men. paternalistic tendency to limit 1990 by Carol J. Adams links feminism to veganism because both dress as they wish. the freedom of women. animals and women are victims of male dominance and Misogynic Customs suppression. Female genital mutilation, Culture In Ecofeminism Vandana Shiva and Maria Mies link feminism PROBLEM OF ESSENTIALISM 1993 with ecology and state that paternalistic/capitalistic society has ‘honour’ killings, female Fixed gender roles are difficult There are statistical differences between women and chastity & sexuality. led to a harmful split between nature and culture. to challenge and change. In Women and Human Development Martha Nussbaum argues men, but from this it cannot be deduced that there is a 2000 that the capability approach focuses on what individuals are able difference in moral standing. to do. 2001 Legalization of same-sex marriage in the Netherlands. Thrid Wave: Emancipation of non-Western women ANTIFEMINISM In The Son’s Factory Ayaan Hirsi Ali rails against the subjection of FEMINISM & Claim that feminist theories of patriarchy and 2002 women in Islam. THE EXPANDING MORAL CIRCLE 1. disadvantages suffered by women in society are incorrect Feminist activist group FEMEN by Anna Hutsol from Ukraine: or exaggerated. 2008 ‘My body is mine, not somebody’s honour.’ Non-human animals In Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows psychologist Claim that feminism as a movement encourages Melanie Joy introduces the concept of carnism which is the Future generations 2. misandry and seeks to harm or oppress men. 2009 hidden ideology that justifies institutionalized violence against non-human animals. LGBTQ-rights 3. Hostility towards women's rights. In Eradicating Ecocide Polly Higgins, ‘Lawyer for Planet Earth’, Women’s rights 2011 proposes laws to stop corporations and political practices to Extreme version of masculinism (machismo), in which, plunder the environment. Androcentrism Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie argues for a powerful and 4. ‘men are in crisis because of the feminization of society’. outspoken feminism in her TED-talk and book We Should All Be 2014 Feminists!: ‘I am angry. We should all be angry. Anger has a long ‘Feminazi’ is a pejorative term used by fervent 2014 history of bringing about positive change.’ Feminism is part of the project of 5. antifeminists, mainly American Christian conservatives. 2015 UN Sustainable Development Goal 5: Achieve gender equality the moral progress of expanding and empower all women and girls. the moral circle. © Dr. Floris van den Berg, 2017 Design by: Loes Albert Contact: [email protected] .