Appendix: Interviewees, by Industry Industrial Goods Industries (65 companies) Company Name Title Name Mo nth/Year Beverages (4 companies) to Asahi Breweries Ltd Chairman Tsutomu Murai Jun. 1987 Kirin Brewery Co. Ltd President Hideo Motoyama Mar. 1991 Suntory Ltd President Shininchiro Torii Mar. 1992 Mercian Corp. President Tadao Suzuki Aug. 1992 Asahi Breweries Ltd Chairman Kotaro Higuchi Sep. 1994 Building Materials, Glass (5 companies) Chichibu Cement Corp. Chairman Kei Moroi Oct. 1988 Tostem Co. Ltd President Kenjiro Ushioda Dec. 1988 Nippon Gaishi Inc. Chairman Junichi Takemi Dec. 1990 Asahi Glass Co. President Hiromichi Seya Mar. 1993 TOTO Ltd Chairman Yoshio Koga Jun. 1994 Chemicals (4 companies) Asahi Chemical Co. Ltd Chairman Kagayaki Miyazaki Apr. 1988 Mitsubishi Chemical Co. Ltd Chairman Eiji Suzuki May 1988 Shinetsu Chemical Co. Ltd President Chihiro Kanagawa Jul. 1993 Nippon Sanso Corp. Chairman Hideo Mabuchi Aug. 1993 (continued on page 292) Company Name Title Name Month/Year to Computer, Office Equipment (3 companies) IBM Japan Ltd President Takeo Shiina Jun. 1988 Fujitsu Ltd Chairman Takuma Yamamoto Feb. 1991 Nitsuko Corp. President Toshio Egashira Feb. 1995 Electronics, Electric Equipment (11 companies) Nippon Electric Co. Ltd Chairman Koji Kobayashi Jan. 1987 Mitsubushi Electric Corp Chairman Sadakazu Shinto Jul. 1987 FANAC Co. President Seiemon Inaba Oct. 87 Ushio Inc. Chairman Jiro Ushio Dec. 1988 Hitachi Ltd President Katsushige Mita Aug. 1989 Kyocera Corp. Chairman Kazuo Inamori Sep. 1989 OMRON Corp. President Yoshio Tateishi Oct. 1989 Matsushita Electric Industries President Akio Tanii Feb. 1992 Co. Ltd Matsushita Electric Works President Toshio Miyoshi Oct. 1993 Co. Ltd Nissin Electric Co. Ltd Chairman Shin Komatsu Feb. 1994 Hitachi Ltd President Tsutomu Kanai Dec. 1994 Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd President Yasutaka Murata Mar. 1995 Food (5 companies) Ajinomoto Co. Ltd President Katsuhito Utada Sep. 1988 Nichirei Corp. President Kozo Kaneda May 1991 Q.P. Corp. President Chikao Fujita Oct. 1992 Nippon Flour Mills Co. President Fujio Hasegawa Feb. 1993 Meiji Milk Products Co. Ltd President Hisashi Nakayama Jul. 1994 Industrial Equipment (3 companies) Mitsubishi Heavy Indstries Chairman Yotaro Iida Jul. 1989 Co. Ltd. Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy President Kosaku Inaba Jul. 1991 Industries Co. Ltd Hitachi Zosen Corp. President Yoshihiro Fujii Apr. 1994 Machine, Precision Machine (3 companies) NSK Ltd President Toshio Arata Jul. 1992 Komatu Ltd President Tetsuya Katada Apr. 1994 Citizen Watch Co. Ltd President Michio Nakajima Dec. 1993 Metal (3 companies) Nippon Steel Co. Ltd Chairman Yutaka Takeda Nov. 1987 Nippon Steel Co. Ltd Chairman Akira Miki Jan. 1991 Daido Steel Co. Ltd President Kenji Tomita Nov. 1994 Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd Chairman Yasuo Shingu Jan. 1995 Non-ferrous Metal (2 companies) Sumitomo Electric Works Ltd Chairman Masao Kamei Sep. 1987 Mitsubishi Metal Corp. President Takeshi Nagano Sep. 1990 Sumitomo Electric Works Ltd Chairman Tetsuro Kawakami Apr. 1992 to (continued on page 294) Company Name Title Name Month /Year -P^ Motor Vehicles (3 companies) Nissan Motor Co. Ltd Chairman Shun Ishihara Aug. 1987 Honda Motor Co. Ltd President Tadashi Kume Feb. 1989 Nissan Motor Co. Ltd President Yutaka Kume Aug. 1991 Mitsubishi Motors Corp. Chairman Toyoo Tate Jun. 1992 Musical Instruments (1 company) Yamaha Corp. President Hiroshi Kawakami Feb. 1990 Petroleum Refining (2 companies) Toa Nenryo Kogyo K.K. President Nobuyuki Nakahara Feb. 1987 Cosmo Oil Co. Ltd Chairman Yoshiro Nakayama Feb. 1988 Pulp and Paper (1 company) Shinoji (now Oji) Paper Co. Ltd Chairman Fumio Tanaka May 1987 Shinoji (now Oji) Paper Co. Ltd Chairman Jiro Kage Aug. 1990 Pharmaceuticals (4 companies) SmithKline Becham Japan Ltd Chairman Hachiro Koyama Jan. 1990 Eizai Co. Ltd Chairman Yuji Naito Jul. 1990 Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Inc. Chairman Iwao Shino Jun. 1991 Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Chairman Shigeo Morioka Sep. 1992 Co. Ltd Printing (1 company) Toppan Printing Co. Ltd President Kazuo Suzuki Apr. 1990 Rubber (1 company) Bridgestone Corp. President Akira Ieiri Mar. 1988 Scientific, Photographic, and Control Equipment Canon Inc. Chairman Ryuzaburo Kaku Jan. 1989 (3 companies) Fuji Photo Film Co. Ltd President Minoru Onishi May 1992 Ricoh Co. Ltd President Hiroshi Hamada May 1993 Soaps, Cosmetics (2 companies) Shiseido Co. Ltd President Yoshiharu Fukuhara Apr. 1989 Kao Corp. President Yoshihiro Maruta May 1990 Textiles (3 companies) Toray Industries, Inc. President Yoshikazu Ito Mar. 1987 Atsugi Nylon Industrial Co. President Rokusuke Hori Nov. 1988 NISSHINBO Industries, Inc. President Tatsuo Tanabe Aug. 1994 Toys (1 company) Nintendo Co. Ltd President Hiroshi Yamauchi Aug. 1988 Service Industries (28 companies) Banking (4 companies) Sumitomo Bank President Ko Komatsu Apr. 1987 The Dai-ichi Kangyo Bank Ltd President Shinya Hakura Jan. 1988 The Dai-ichi Kangyo Bank Ltd Chairman Kunitsugu Miyazaki Dec. 1992 Bank of Hachijyuni Chairman Haruo Kobayashi Oct. 1993 Industrial Bank of Japan President Yo Kurosawa Apr. 1995 to (continued on page 296) \Q Company Name Title Name Month/Year Q\ Finance (1 company) The Nomura Securities Co. Ltd Chairman Setsuya Tabuchi Jun. 1989 General Construction (2 companies) Kajima Corp. Chairman Rokuro Ishikawa Jul. 1988 Harusuke Imamura Jan. 1992 Security (1 company) Shimizu Corp. President Makoto Iida Mar. 1990 Insurance (4 companies) SECOM, Inc. Chairman Haruo Takeda Mar. 1989 The Tokyo Marine and Fire President Co. Ltd Takahide Sakurai Jun. 1990 The Dai-ichi Mutual Life President Insurance Co. Sukenari Ito Oct. 1991 Nippon Life Insurance Co. President Kenjiro Hata Apr. 1993 The Meiji Mutual Life President Retailing (2 companies) Insurance Co. Mitsukoshi Ltd President Yoshiaki Sakakura Dec. 1991 Ito Yokado Co. Ltd President Toshibumi Suzuki May 1995 Transportation (7 companies) Airline All Nippon Airways Co. Ltd President Akio Kondo Dec. 1987 Railway East Japan Railway Co. Chairman Isamu Yamashita May 1989 Kinki Nippon Railway Co. Ltd President Shigeichiro Kanamori Nov. 1990 Keio Teito Electric Railway Chairman Kenichi Kuwayama Mar. 1994 Co. Ltd Shipping NYK Line Chairman Kimio Miyaoka Apr. 1991 NYK Line President Jiro Nemoto Nov. 1992 Trucking Yamato Transport Co. Ltd Chairman Masao Ogura Oct. 1990 Nippon Express Co. Ltd President Shoichiro Hamanaka Nov. 1991 Tourist (1 company) Hotel Okura Co. President Koji Sato Jun. 1993 Utilities (2 companies) Nippon Telephone & Telegram Chairman Akeo Yamaguchi Sep. 1991 Co. Ltd Tokyo Electric Power Co. Ltd President Sho Nasu Jan. 1993 Wholesaler (3 companies) Nissho-Iwai Trading Co. President/ Masaru Hayami Dec. 1989 Chairman Marubeni Corp. Chairman Kazuo Haruna Nov. 1993 ITOCHU Corp President Minoru Murofushi Oct. 1994 Total 92 companies Total 100 Top mgt. to ^1 Notes and References 1 Introduction 1. Yukio Noguchi, Baburu no Keizaigaku (The Economics of the Bubble) (Tokyo: Nikkei Shinbun-sha, 1992), pp. 21-59. 2 The Structure of Management 1. 'Portrait of The Boss', Business Week, 12 October 1992, p. 109. 2. 'After faulting US Workers, Japanese lay into bosses - high wage levels are at issue, but "salary" definition proves elusive,' The Nikkei Weekly, 15 February, p. 11. 3. 'CEOs earns bigger bucks in US than in Japan, Germany, UK: Survey of top 200 companies found very little relationship between pay and performance', San Francisco, 4 October, 1994, p. D8 (business section) © 1994, Southam, Inc. 4. Akira Murata, The Wonder Stones (autobiography) (Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 1994), p. 46. 5. 'Restore the rein of the company to the Matsushitas?', Nihon Keizai Shinbun, 24 May 1996. 6. Yomiuri Shinbun, 17 July 1993. 7. Table of effective corporate tax rates for top Japanese corpora­ tions,' Forbes-Japan, December 1993, pp. 58-61. 8. 'How to make hidden money through manipulating accounting practices', Forbes-Japan (Gyosei Corp), December 1993 pp. 62-3. 9. 'Hiroshi Kawakami resigns as director of the board', Nikkei Sangyou Shinbun, 20 March 1993, p. 1. 10. 'Major shareholders turn their back on the president', Nikkei Shinbun, 15 January 1994. 3 Efficient Returns on Human Resources 1. The Miike labour dispute centred on the loss of jobs in the coal industry, but became a critical dispute for the Japanese labour movement as a whole. Following the switch in government en­ ergy policy from coal to oil, many small and medium-sized coalmines were closed and a large number of workers lost their jobs. The Mitsui Coalmine Company decided to dismiss 1278 workers at its Miike mine. When the labour union called a strike, 299 300 Notes and References the company organised a second labour union to try to divide the labour movement. The company also hired a goon squad, who stabbed several workers to death. The national labour organ­ isation was very ideological and used the Miike dispute in its campaign against the Japan-US Security Treaty. However the organisation of Japanese labour into an in-house union meant that the Mitsui labour union failed to obtain the support of other miners' unions and finally surrendered. 2. Shikanai was once a secretary general and later became presi­ dent of the Sankei Shinbun newspaper. 3. The Secret History of Industrial Relations after WWII, vol. 1 (Tokyo: Sankei Publishing, 1983), p. 180. 4. Komakichi Matsuoka was born in the Tottori prefecture on 8 April 1888. From 1917 onwards he was active in the labour movement. After the Second World War he joined the Socialist Party, and in 1950 became chairman of the General Council of Japan Trade Unions, and was also elected to the House of Representatives. He died in 1958. 5. 'Apology or No? US And Japan Differ on Daiwa', New York Times, 13 October 1995. 4 Japan's Capital Market 1. Yoshitaka Shikano, Nippon no Ginko to Kinyusoshiki (The Bank and Financial Organisation) (Tokyo: Toyo Keizai Shinpo, 1994). pp. 3-5. 2. Ibid., p. 229. 3. The 75 Year History of the Industrial Bank of Japan (Tokyo: In­ dustrial Bank of Japan, 1982), pp. 250-479. 4. 'The principle of punishment and reward works because of mal­ practices', Nikkei Sangyo Shinbun, 24 February 1993; 'What Tanii's withdrawal meant', Nippon Keizai Shinbun, 28 February 1993.