OCS Study BOEM 2017-063 Munitions and Explosives of Concern Survey Methodology and In-field Testing for Wind Energy Areas on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Office of Renewable Energy Programs OCS Study BOEM 2017-063 Munitions and Explosives of Concern Survey Methodology and In-field Testing for Wind Energy Areas on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf July 2017 Authors: Geoffrey Carton1, Carter DuVal2, Art Trembanis2, Margo Edwards3, Mark Rognstad3, Christian Briggs4, Sonia Shjegstad4 Prepared under contract M16PC00001 By 1CALIBRE Systems, Inc. 6345 Walker Lane Metro Park, Suite 300 Alexandria, VA 22310-3252 With support from 2University of Delaware 255 Academy Street 109 Penny Hall Newark, DE 19716 3Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawaii 1680 East-West Road, POST 602 Honolulu, HI 96821 4Environet, Inc. 1286 Queen Emma Street Honolulu, HI 96813 US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Office of Renewable Energy Programs OCS Study BOEM 2017-063 DISCLAIMER Study concept, oversight, and funding were provided by the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Environmental Studies Program, Washington, DC, under Contract Number M16PC00001. This report has been technically reviewed by BOEM, and it has been approved for publication. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the US Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. REPORT AVAILABILITY To download a PDF file of this report, go to the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management website at https://www.boem.gov/Renewable-Energy-Environmental-Studies/. The report is also available at the National Technical Reports Library at https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/. CITATION Carton G, DuVal C, Trembanis A, Edwards M, Rognstad M, Briggs C, Shjegstad S. 2017. Munitions and Explosives of Concern Survey Methodology and In-field Testing for Wind Energy Areas on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf. US Department of Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. OCS Study 2017-xxx. ABOUT THE COVER Autonomous underwater vehicle on the University of Delaware R/V Daiber within the Delaware Wind Energy Area. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you to Jennifer Miller of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Office of Renewable Energy Programs for her detailed reviews and technical input. US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Office of Renewable Energy Programs Page Intentionally Left Blank. MEC Survey Methodology and In-field Testing for Wind Energy Areas on the Atlantic OCS July 2017 Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 PROJECT SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 2 2.0 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AT THE ATLANTIC OCS WEAS ..................................... 5 3.0 MUNITIONS NEAR THE ATLANTIC OCS WEAS ..................................................... 19 3.1 MEC RESEARCH FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................ 19 3.2 MEC CONCLUSIONS....................................................................................................................................... 20 4.0 TYPICAL OFFSHORE RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 57 4.1 OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS .............................................................................................................. 57 4.1.1 Meteorological Mast or LiDAR Buoy .................................................................................................. 57 4.1.2 Wind Turbine ....................................................................................................................................... 58 4.1.3 Electrical Collection and Transmission Cables ................................................................................... 58 4.1.4 Substations ........................................................................................................................................... 58 4.2 OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT PRE-CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ................................................ 58 4.2.1 Characterization of Meteorological and Natural Resources ............................................................... 59 4.2.2 Site and Cable Route Surveys .............................................................................................................. 59 4.3 OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ........................................................ 59 4.3.1 Electrical Collection and Transmission Cable Laying Operations ..................................................... 60 4.3.1.1 Pre-Lay Grapnel Run ................................................................................................................................. 60 4.3.1.2 Cable Ploughing ......................................................................................................................................... 60 4.3.1.3 ROV Cable Lay and Burial ........................................................................................................................ 60 4.3.1.4 Cable Jetting .............................................................................................................................................. 61 4.3.1.5 Cable Trenching ......................................................................................................................................... 61 4.3.1.6 Deployment of Anchors ............................................................................................................................. 61 4.3.1.7 Concrete Mattress Placement ..................................................................................................................... 61 4.3.1.8 Rock Placement ......................................................................................................................................... 61 4.3.2 Installation of Substructures and Foundations .................................................................................... 62 4.3.2.1 Monopiles .................................................................................................................................................. 62 4.3.2.2 Jackets and Tripods .................................................................................................................................... 62 4.3.2.3 Gravity Foundations................................................................................................................................... 62 4.3.2.4 Scour Protection Systems........................................................................................................................... 63 5.0 MEC RISK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK .............................................................. 65 5.1 EVALUATING AND MANAGING MEC RISK ..................................................................................................... 65 5.2 MEC RISK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK COMPONENTS ................................................................................ 68 5.2.1 MEC Hazard Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 69 5.2.2 MEC Risk Assessment .......................................................................................................................... 70 5.2.3 MEC Risk Validation ........................................................................................................................... 77 5.2.4 MEC Risk Mitigation ........................................................................................................................... 77 6.0 TECHNOLOGIES, PLATFORMS, AND POSITIONING TECHNIQUES ................ 79 6.1 NAVIGATION AND POSITIONING ..................................................................................................................... 79 6.1.1 Global Navigation Satellite System ..................................................................................................... 80 6.1.2 Underwater Positioning Systems ......................................................................................................... 80 6.1.2.1 Long Baseline ............................................................................................................................................ 81 6.1.2.2 Short and Ultra-Short Baseline .................................................................................................................. 81 6.1.2.3 Inertial Navigation Systems ....................................................................................................................... 82 6.1.2.4 Buoy Systems ............................................................................................................................................ 83 6.1.2.5 Other Positioning Methods 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