The typological classification of sign language morphology Joke Schuit Master’s Thesis, 2007 Research MA Linguistics Universiteit van Amsterdam AMSTERDAM Table of contents Languages and glossing conventions used................................................................................. 2 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 2. Signed languages: an introduction to the research and phonology ................................... 7 2.1 Sign language research: introduction .......................................................................... 7 2.1.1 The oral language compatibility view versus the sign language differential view8 2.2 Sign language phonology.......................................................................................... 10 3. Typology and processes .................................................................................................. 15 3.1. Morphological typology............................................................................................ 16 3.1.1. Traditional classification..................................................................................... 17 3.1.2. Morphological processes that are difficult to classify typologically................... 19 3.2. Morphological processes........................................................................................... 22 3.2.1. Derivation in spoken languages .......................................................................... 22 3.2.2. Noun incorporation in spoken languages ............................................................ 23 3.2.3. Inflectional processes in spoken languages......................................................... 24 3.2.3.1. Pluralisation of nouns............................................................................... 24 3.2.3.2. Verb agreement in spoken languages....................................................... 25 3.2.3.3. Aspectual operations on verbs in spoken languages ................................ 27 3.3. Summary ................................................................................................................... 29 4. Morphological processes in signed languages ................................................................ 30 4.1 Sequential processes.................................................................................................. 31 4.1.1 Affixation ............................................................................................................ 31 4.2 Reduplication ............................................................................................................ 32 4.2.1 Aspect.................................................................................................................. 32 4.2.2 Number................................................................................................................ 34 4.2.3 Derivation............................................................................................................ 35 4.3 Simultaneous processes............................................................................................. 35 4.3.1 Manual simultaneous processes .......................................................................... 36 4.3.1.1 Incorporation ................................................................................................ 36 4.3.1.2 Classifiers..................................................................................................... 38 4.3.1.3 Verb agreement ............................................................................................ 40 4.3.1.4 Aspect........................................................................................................... 42 4.3.2 Simultaneous processes involving non-manual features..................................... 43 4.4 Summary ................................................................................................................... 45 5. Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 46 5.1 Incorporating features in signed languages............................................................... 46 5.2 Isolating features in signed languages....................................................................... 50 5.3 Agglutinative features in signed languages............................................................... 51 5.3.1 Polysyllabic polymorphemic signs...................................................................... 52 5.3.2 Monosyllabic polymorphemic signs ................................................................... 52 5.4 Fusional features in signed languages....................................................................... 59 5.5 Summary: the morphological classification of signed languages ............................. 60 References ................................................................................................................................ 63 1 Languages and glossing conventions used Abbreviations of signed languages ASL American Sign Language BSL British Sign Language DGS German Sign Language (Deutsche Gebärdensprache) NGT Sign Language of the Netherlands (Nederlandse Gebarentaal) LSF French Sign Language (Langue des Signes Françaises) LSQ Sign Language of Québec (Langue des Signes Québécoise) ISL Israeli Sign Language Classification and area of languages in this thesis; from Dryer (2005). Apurinã [Maipure/Arawakan1: Brazil] Dutch [Indo-European> Germanic: Netherlands] English [Indo-European> Germanic: United Kingdom, United States] (Gulf) Arabic [Afro-Asiatic> Semitic: Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates] Imbabura Quechua [Quechuan: Equador, province of Imbabura] Inuktitut [Eskimo-Aleut: Canada] Lahu [Sino-Tibetan> Tibeto-Burman>Burmese-Lolo: China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam] Luvale [Niger-Congo>Benue-Congo>Bantoid: Angola] Malay [Austronesian>Western Malayo Polynesian> Sundic: Malaysia] Mandarin Chinese [Sino-Tibetan>Chinese: China] Oneida [Iroquoian>Northern: United States] Papiamentu [Creole: Netherlands Antilles and Aruba] Rapanui [Austronesian>Eastern Malayo-Polynesian>Oceanic: Easter Island] Rembarrnga [Australian>Gunwinyguan: Australia] Shilluk [Nilo-Saharan>Eastern Sudanic>Nilotic : Sudan] Tausug [Austronesian>Western Malayo Polynesian>Meso-Philippine: Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia] Tuvaluan [Austronesian>Eastern Malayo-Polynesian>Oceanic: Tuvalu] West Greenlandic [Eskimo-Aleut: Greenland] Yakan [Austronesian>Western Malayo-Polynesian>Sama-Bajaw: Phillipines] Glossing conventions In some examples, the glossing is slightly adapted so all follow the same system. No changes are made regarding content words. The following abbreviations have been used: AGENT agentative ASP aspect particle AUGM augmentative CML compound linker CNT contrastive – absolutive marker CRS crescent DAT dative DIM diminuative DUR durative 1 See for a detailed explanation of the use of Maipure or Arawakan section 1.2 of Da Silva Facundes (2000). 2 HAB habitual INC inceptive INDEF indefinite mode INDIC indicative mood INF infinitive JOIN stem-joiner M masculine NEG negative NMLZ nominalizer O object PAR particle PASS passive marker PASS passive PF perfect aspect marker PFTV perfective aspect marker PL plural PLZ pluralizer POSR possessor POSV possessive PP past punctual PRODUCT product (affix indicating result or product of an action) PROGR progressive marker PST past PUF not indicated in Matisoff (2003) PUNC punctual aspect PV not indicated in Matisoff (2003) SER serial aspect VBLZ verbalizer Sign language glossing conventions Small capitals are used to refer to glosses of signs: SIGN. Sequential compound signs are linked by ^: MONEY^LITTLE ‘cheap’ When a sign cannot be translated in one English word, hyphens are used: WALK-DOWN-THE- STAIRS. A classifier morpheme is indicated by CL, followed by a picture of the appropriate handshape, or a letter taken from the manual alphabet from NGT: GIVE- CLF. Locations in space are indicated by subscript numbers. These letters refer to a location in space; 1 refers to first person, 2 refers to second person/addressee, and 3 refers to any other referent in the discourse. If there are multiple other referents, letters are added to indicate the different third persons: 3GIVE2, 3aGIVE3b. 3 1. Introduction When one is describing a language, one of the typological aspects one may want to take into consideration is the determination of morphological language type. To what extent does the language under consideration allow affixation? Can several morphemes occur in a word? Answering these questions determines the synthetic ‘value’ of the language: where on the continuum of synthesis should it be placed, more to the isolating end, or more to the agglutinative end? If the language is placed more to the agglutinative end, one can determine the amount of fusion in the language. Again the language can be placed on a continuum: more fusing or more agglutinative. It will also be interesting to see whether the language allows for incorporation, and if so, to what extent. Some aspects of the morphology will be classified more easily, others will be more problematic. The researcher will probably find that the language types are not defined the same in the literature. For example, some authors might define polysynthesis as allowing for more morphemes in a word (e.g. Payne, 1997 and Whaley 1999), while others