jy PROMISING PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT AND RESPOND TO CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION Lorraine Radford, with Debra Allnock and Patricia Hynes About the authors Lorraine Radford is Professor of Social Policy and Social Work at the University of Central Lancashire, UK; Debbie Allnock is Senior Research Fellow at the International Centre: Researching child sexual exploitation, trafficking and violence at the University of Bedfordshire, UK; and Patricia Hynes is a Principal Research Fellow within the School of Applied Social Studies, University of Bedfordshire. Cover Photo [NAME CHANGED], On 13 March 2016, Minda, 9, speaks with a counsellor at the Marillac Hills Centre in the city of Muntinlupa, in Metro Manila, Philippines. Minda was rescued with 5 other children during a police raid in October 2015. Her mother has gone to prison for her active role in her daughter’s participation in online pornography shows. The government-run shelter is a safe haven for girls who have been physically and sexually abused, with many exploited through livestreaming of child sexual abuse and the sex tourism industry. The girls live at the shelter while their cases are being processed through the judicial system, but because a case can take several months to many years to resolve, this is where many girls will spend their youth, away from their families. The girls often perceive the rescue efforts as a punishment because they have been removed from their families. The children live in large group homes where they sleep in dormitories, share meals and attend classes, which are provided not only in reading and writing, but also in sewing and computer literacy and ethics. © UNICEF/UN014914/Estey Acknowledgements This document on promising programmes to prevent and respond to child sexual abuse and exploitation was commissioned by UNICEF to support the work of the Child Protection Section, Programme Division in New York Headquarters. Special thanks go to Clara Sommarin, Child Protection Specialist for her expert guidance and advice throughout the course of the work. Theresa Kilbane, Senior Advisor, and Regina Reza, UNICEF consultant, also gave valuable feedback and reviewed and commented on drafts of the report. Regina Reza also completed a scoping report and compiled a bibliography which provided a helpful foundation for the wider searches required for this report. Valuable feedback and inputs were provided by a number of research and practice experts. These include: Cecilia Anicama (Office of the UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children), Diana J. Arango (George Washington University, USA), Gary Barker (IMAGES Research), Dora Giusti (UNICEF), Alessandra Guedes (Regional Adviser on Inter-Family Violence, PAHO), Karin Heissler (UNICEF), Neha Kapil (UNICEF), Lena Karlsson (Save the Children Alliance), James Lang (Partners for Prevention), Kathryn Leslie (Office of the UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children), Bernadette Madrid (University of the Philippines /Philippine General Hospital), Jim Mercy (the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Jenny Pearce (University of Bedfordshire, United Kingdom), Nadine Perrault (UNICEF), Ethel Quayle (Cork University, Ireland), Sophie Read Hamilton (consultant UNICEF), Lauren Rumble (UNICEF) and Jo Spangaro (University of New South Wales, Australia). i Experts working in the field provided information for the promising practice Case Studies. Considerable help was given by: Michelle Maloney Kitts, Together for Girls, for help with Case Study 1: Gathering data on the problem in the United Republic of Tanzania. Staff from the Soul City Health and Development Institute for help with Case Study 2: Using edutainment to mobilize change. Kim Miller, Centers for Disease Control USA, for help with Case Study 4: Supporting families and caregivers to prevent and respond to child sexual abuse - Families Matter! Oriana Bandiera, London School of Economics and Political Science, and Munshi Sulaiman, BRAC, for help with Case Study 5: Empowering Adolescent Girls, Life Skills Clubs in Uganda. Bragi Guobrandsson, Director General of the Government Agency for Child Protection in Iceland, for help with Case study 6: The Barnahus model of integrated care. Staff at child helpline Romania, for help with Case Study 7: Using Child Helpline data to strengthen child protection system responses. Laura Murray, John Hopkins University, for help with Case Study 8: An apprenticeship model of delivery for trauma recovery programs in Zambia. Janna Meltzer, Columbia University, and Marisa Vojta, World Vision International, for help with Case Study 8: Special measures for humanitarian crisis and conflict contexts – improving the evidence base on the impact of child friendly spaces. ii Contents Figures and tables .................................................................................................................................. iv Acronyms and abbreviations ................................................................................................................... v Glossary/definitions ................................................................................................................................ vi 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose of the document ............................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Content and structure ................................................................................................................... 2 2. Overview of the problem .................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Definitions ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 The extent and nature of the problem .......................................................................................... 6 2.3 Causes, risks and vulnerabilities ................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Consequences .............................................................................................................................. 9 3. Developing a theory of change ......................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Guiding principles ........................................................................................................................ 11 3.2 The theory of change approach .................................................................................................. 14 4. Gathering evidence on the problem .................................................................................................. 19 4.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 19 4.2 Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 19 4.3 Knowledge gaps .......................................................................................................................... 21 4.4 Ethical issues .............................................................................................................................. 21 4.5 Unmet needs .............................................................................................................................. 22 5. Gaps in the evidence on interventions .............................................................................................. 26 5.1 Rating the evidence .................................................................................................................... 26 5.2 Knowledge gaps .......................................................................................................................... 26 5.3 Promising findings ....................................................................................................................... 27 6. Creating an enabling national framework .......................................................................................... 28 6.1 Government role ......................................................................................................................... 28 6.2 Legislation and policy .................................................................................................................. 28 6.3 National strategy plans and mapping .......................................................................................... 29 6.4 Coordination and leadership ........................................................................................................ 30 6.5 Mobilizing change ....................................................................................................................... 30 7. Changing attitudes, social norms and behaviour .............................................................................. 35 7.1 Promising practices ..................................................................................................................... 35 7.2 Defining and measuring social norms ......................................................................................... 36 8. Reducing risks