Fall 1987 41 Closure and the Antimasque of The Tempest Geraldo U. de Sousa* Howard Felperin writes that a Shakespeare play invites two con­ tradictory responses: on the one hand, it "demands a conservative or archeological response in so far as it carries within itself an archaic or received sign-system"; on the other, "it insists on its own differ­ ence from that older sign-system, its departure from prior art in the direction of present life" (Shakespearean Representation 8). He adds that "literature seems to carry its own history encoded or inscribed within it" (27).1 The Tempest has remained one of the most closed plays in the entire canon; it seems the very emblem of closure. Yet many think that it contains Shakespeare's veiled farewell to the the­ ater or that it reflects topical concerns of court aesthetics and the royal family of James I.2 I would like to examine the question of boundary and closure in The Tempest, especially in relation to the wedding masque in Act IV, scene i. Although self-contained and in­ dependent, the masque seems incomplete, not only because Prospero breaks it off but also because it raises questions about a possible antimasque embedded in it. My main contention here is that the boundaries of the masque collapse to reveal an antimasque-like real­ ity.3 From this examination, one can perhaps make generalizations about the play's generic encoding and embedded literary history. One can hardly disagree with Geoffrey Bullough's statement that "although the Masque of Ceres and Juno affects the plot little, it fits admirably into the ethical pattern of the play" (237). Stephen Orgel cautions against seeking connections between this interlude and court entertainments: "the masque in The Tempest is not a court masque, it is a dramatic allusion to one, and it functions in the structure of the drama not as a separable interlude but as an integral part of the action" (Introd. to Tempest 43-44). Obviously, the masque is very *Geraldo U. de Sousa is co-author of Shakespeare: A Study and Research Guide, and author of articles and reviews on Shakespeare and Renaissance drama. 42 Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism well integrated into the structure of The Tempest, which may mean that it was originally conceived as a part of the entire play, or, as Dover Wilson and Irwin Smith contend (see Orgel, Introd. to Tempest 44n), Shakespeare carefully revised the play to include the masque for the 1613 court performance. An integral part of the text as it has come down to us, the masque seems to retain a high degree of closure and independence. As with the entire play, no direct source has been discovered for the masque, although, as David M. Bergeron points out, "texts of Jacobean masques stand behind the text of Prospero's masque" (196). Geoffrey Bullough identifies two main analogues: The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses (1604), by Samuel Daniel, and Hymenaei (1606), by Ben Jonson. One might make a stronger claim, as Bergeron has done, that although Daniel's Twelve Goddesses may not be a source in the. traditional sense, Prospero's masque alludes to it. Some of the same goddesses, performing similar roles, appear in the court entertainment and in Shakespeare's play: Juno, Ceres, and Iris. The resemblances, fully discussed by Bergeron, are quite appar­ ent,4 but the changes that Shakespeare introduces are equally instruc­ tive. In creating the masque within the play, Shakespeare may have taken his cue from Daniel's statement in the dedication to the Countess of Bedford: And though these images have oftentimes divers significa­ tions, yet it being not our purpose to represent them with all those curious and superfluous observations, we took them only to serve as hieroglyphics for our present intention, according to some one property that fitted our occasion, without observing other their mystical interpretations, wherein the authors themselves are so irregular and con­ fused as the best mythologers, who will make somewhat to seem anything. (Spencer & Wells 26). Daniel adds that he chose for his masque the "aptest representations that lay best and easiest for us" (26). Juno thus represents the "Goddess of empire and regnorum praesidi"', Venus, love and amity; Proserpina, riches; Ceres, plenty; Iris, the messenger of Juno. Shake­ speare clearly retains this representation of the goddesses. As in The Tempest, Daniel's Vision of the Twelve Goddesses does not claim to present the goddesses themselves but Sibylla's vision of them: "It can be but a dream: yet so great Powers have blest as humble roofs, and use, out of no other respect than their own grace­ fulness, to shine where they will" (33). As Daniel explains, this is but a representation of the goddesses: "for well may'st thou there observe Fall 1987 43 their shadows, but their presence will bereave thee of all save admira­ tion and amazement, for who can look upon such Powers and speak" (32). Similarly, Prospero invites Miranda and Ferdinand to think of the spectacle Ariel and his spirits have just staged as an "insubstantial pageant" and a dream: "we are such stuff/ As dreams are made on, and our little life / Is rounded with a sleep" (IV.i. 156-58). But Pros­ pero combines the roles of the playwright (Daniel) and Sibylla. Pros­ pero, unlike Sibylla, however, emphasizes that he has created the vision: "I must / Bestow upon the eyes of this young couple / Some vanity of mine art" (IV.i.39-41).5 Later he again asserts that the actors are "spirits, which by mine art / I have from their confines called to enact / My present fancies" (IV.i. 120-22). Because Prospero states that the vision of Ceres reflects his "present fancies" and is his creation, one needs to explore the enter­ tainment as a representation of Prospero's inner struggle. Unlike Daniel's masque, Prospero's ends not in music but with an outburst of almost uncontrollable anger when Prospero remembers Caliban's plot against his life. Caliban plans to take possession of Prospero's books (his source of power), kill Prospero, and seize Miranda (lll.ii.87-89). Prospero's intense anger impresses both Ferdinand and Miranda. Ferdinand notes: "This is strange. Your father's in some passion / That works him strongly" (IV.i. 143-44); to which Miranda responds: "Never till this day/ Saw I him touched with anger, so distempered" (144-45). Prospero himself admits to Ferdinand: Sir, I am vexed. Bear with my weakness, my old brain is troubled. Be not disturbed with my infirmity. If you be pleased, retire into my cell, And there repose: A turn or two I'll walk To still my beating mind. (158-63) "Vexed," a troubled brain, "infirmity," "beating mind"~there is no such reaction in Daniel's Vision. What is going on? Prospero's behavior, considering his immense magical power, seems an irrational overreac- tion to Caliban and the two drunks.6 Obviously, Prospero's inner struggle is apparent from the begin­ ning of the play. A political prisoner exiled on a desolate island for twelve years, Prospero becomes both excited and apprehensive about the outcome of the day's events. Within a few hours, he has staged a violent storm, asserted his power over Ariel, revealed amazing family secrets to his daughter, and caused the shipwreck of his enemies and their wandering on the isle. He has lost his temper with Ariel, Cali­ ban, Miranda, and Ferdinand. He has obviously contemplated revenge, 44 Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism a course he swerves from when Ariel's compassion for the royal party convinces him that "the rarer action is / In virtue than in vengeance" (V.i.27-28). Yet his reaction to Caliban's plot seems excessive, which may indicate that the anger is symptomatic not of a real threat from without but an irrational fear from within. Perhaps the masque is not only Prospero's dream but also his nightmare. As a dream, the masque depicts Miranda's happiness in marriage. In this context, the goddesses are instruments in the fulfillment of the dream. Iris, the messenger of the goddesses, is the first to appear to announce that Juno, "the Queen o'th'sky" (IV.i.70) and Ceres approach. Ceres inquires of Iris: "Why hath thy queen / Summoned me hither to this short-grassed green?" (82-83); Iris responds: "A contract of true love to celebrate, / And some donation freely to estate / On the blessed lovers" (84-86). This exchange reveals that the goddesses have come to celebrate Miranda's betrothal and to bless the marriage. Juno wishes the couple "long continuance" and "hourly joys"; Ceres, "earth's increase, foison plenty, / Barns and garners never empty" (IV. i. 105 ff). In true masque fashion, the actors-goddesses speak directly to Ferdi­ nand and Miranda; the idyllic world of the masques and that of the spectators become one. Thus Prospero's dream--the masque-enacts what Prospero desires most: Miranda's happy and fruitful marriage. But the dual nature of the masque soon becomes apparent. Miranda is not yet safely married to Ferdinand; the possibility still exists that something may go wrong. To entrust her to Ferdinand, hoping that Ferdinand will not attempt premarital intercourse, must be a difficult decision because Prospero fears that Miranda will lose her virginity before marriage. This nightmare possibility in fact became a real threat when Prospero and Miranda first arrived on the island. At the beginning Prospero treated Caliban as the son he does not have; but Caliban betrayed his trust and tried to rape Miranda, as Prospero bitterly recalls: ..