View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OpenSIUC Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Research Papers Graduate School 2018 Politics of Identity in Nepal - Implications for Theories of Regionalism Kedar P. Badu Southern Illinois University Carbondale, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rp Recommended Citation Badu, Kedar P. "Politics of Identity in Nepal - Implications for Theories of Regionalism." (Jan 2018). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Research Papers by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. POLITICS OF IDENTITY IN NEPAL – IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORIES OF REGIONALISM By Kedar Badu Intermediate in Science (Eng.), Tribhuban University, 1979 Master of Science (Eng.), Byelorussian Polytechnic Institute, 1986 A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts Department of Political Science in the Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale December, 2016 RESEARCH PAPER APPROVAL POLITICS OF IDENTITY IN NEPAL – IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORIES OF REGIONALISM By Kedar Badu A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts In the field of Political Science Approved by: Professor Stephen Bloom, Chair Professor Stephen Shulman Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale October 24, 2016 AN ABSTRACT OF THE RESEARCH PAPER OF KEDAR P BADU, for the Master of Arts degree in POLITICAL SCIENCE, presented on OCTOBER 24th, 2016, at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. TITLE: POLITICS OF IDENTITY IN NEPAL – IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORIES OF REGIONALISM MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Stephen Bloom Due to incredible socioeconomic stratification of society in the context of extreme demographic and regional diversity, regionalism has been a crucial political issue for Nepal during the recent democratic transition. The traditional power elite belonging to hill “high caste” groups are trying to maintain the centralized power structure to protect their own interests. On the other hand, various ethnic and regional identity groups, who have fought for autonomy and self-rule, want their identity and rights to be recognized. Despite the promulgation of the federal constitution by the Constitutional Assembly in 2015, many ethnic and regional identity groups have expressed their opposition for the restructuring of the state based on territorial principle which ignores their identity. Despite the historical struggle of ethnic and regional groups, this research shows a significant section of the voters belonging to these groups are divided on the federal question. There is lack of internal cohesion, communication and solidarity within and across many of the identity groups, despite the prediction of such cohesion by the existing theories of regionalism. Scholars of regionalism assume that economic and social differences automatically produce ethnic mobilization and regionalism. The case of Nepal shows that such assumption is not always true as we do not find the extent of support for ethnic federalism prescribed by various theories of regionalism. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my Research Paper Advisor Professor Stephen Bloom and Co- Advisor Professor Stephen Shulman of the Political Science Department at the Southern Illinois University for their support to carry out this research. Prof. Bloom encouraged me to take up the issue of regionalism in my home country Nepal. Restructuring of the state and the regional question have been currently hotly debated issues among political actors in Nepal during the past decade as a draft federal democratic constitution was negotiated. Therefore, the regional question in Nepal is not only of academic, but also of practical political significance. The suggestions, feedback and comments that I received from Prof. Bloom and Prof. Shulman regarding my theoretical and methodological approaches and for data analysis were highly valuable to me. I express my sincere thanks to both the professors for being my advisors and for the overall encouragement, support and guidance that I received while completing my Master of Arts degree in Political Science. Kedar Badu Graduate Student Political Science Department October 24, 2016 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................................iv LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................................v ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................vi CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1 – Introduction.................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2 – Theory of Regionalism................................................................................7 CHAPTER 3 – Regional Structure of Nepal…………………….……….……………….10 CHAPTER 4 – Methods and Data Analysis.…………….……….……………………....17 CHAPTER 5 – Conclusions and Recommendations.…………….………….…………...28 EXHIBITS.....................................................................................................................................35 BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................36 VITA..............................................................................................................................................38 iii LISTS OF TABLES TABLE PAGE Table - 1: Population of Major Ethnic and Caste Groups.……………………………………….11 Table - 2: Ten Major Caste and Ethnic Groups of Nepal.………………...……………………….12 Table - 3: Major Languages Spoken in Nepal.………………………………………..…………..12 Table - 4: Regression Analysis: Coefficients & Standard Errors.………………………..……….19 iv LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE Figure -1: Demographic Map of Nepal.…………………………………………………………...1 Figure -2: Ethnographic Map of Nepal.……………………………………………….………….10 Figure -3: Per Capita Income across Demographic Groups and Regions.………………...………13 Figure -4: Economic Disparity across Regions.………………………………………..…………14 Figure -5: Life Expectancy and Adult Literacy among Groups & Regions.……...……………….15 Figure -6: Industrial Employment in Different Regions.……………………….……….………..16 v ABBREVIATIONS Bahun “High-caste” group from the hill region traditionally engaged in performing Hindu rituals and promotion of learning, following strict rules for food, drinking and marriage Chherti “high-caste” group from the hills, traditionally engaged in military and governing Dalit The so called “low-caste” group in Hindu society, who live scattered across the country. This group is also divided by an internal caste system; and are traditionally engaged in different trades such as iron work (Kami), leather work (Sarki), tailoring (Damai), and goldsmiths (Sunar). Gorkha One of the principalities in central hills of Nepal, which initiated a military campaign to unite the country in 1776 ILO-169 ILO Convention on the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples’ Rights, 1989. Limbu Ethnic group, living in the far eastern hills Madhesi Caste groups living in Eastern Terai, who claim that all people living there are Madhesi Magar Ethnic group, living in western hills NC Nepali Congress, center right party NEFIN Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities, umbrella organization representing ethnic groups of Nepal, established in 2002 Newar Ethnic group living mostly in the Kathmandu valley, also known as Newa PEON “Permanent Establishment of Nepal”, or the elite groups of military top brass, merchants, mendicants, mandarins and mediators (contractors) also known as M5 who traditionally control state power in Nepal Rai Ethnic group living in the eastern hills RPP Rastriya Prajantra Party, the far-right monarchist party, advocating for centralized Hindu state and restoration of monarchy Sugauli Place in northern India, where the British-Nepal Treaty was signed in 1816. This treaty is known as Sugauli (or Sugoli) Treaty. Tamang Ethnic group, living in the central hills of Nepal around the Kathmandu valley Terai Low lands in southern part of Nepal bordering India, sometimes also called as Madhesh. It stretches from east to west of the country. Tharu Tribal Groups living in the Terai, who claim that they are not Madhesi and have separate identity UCPN(M) United Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) also known as Maoists, which have now split into various outfits UML United Marxists Leninists, Centre Left party in Nepal vi 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Nepal has been selected for the current research because it is a country with incredible socioeconomic stratification along with extreme diversity in demography and culture. Due to such diversity, the question of ethnic and regional identity has become a prominent political issue over the past decade as the country undertook the task of federal restructuring. The case of Nepal is still more interesting because there is a proportional electoral system (along