Acknowledgment This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services under Award Number DE-EE0004575. Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. FLORIDA MULTIFAMILY EFFICIENCY OPPORTUNITIES STUDY Final Report January 9, 2015 Prepared for: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) Office of Energy 600 S. Calhoun St. Tallahassee, FL 32239-1300 Prepared by: Lynne Holt, Ph.D. Mark Jamison, Ph.D. Theodore Kury, Ph.D. Michelle Phillips, Ph.D. University of Florida’s Public Utility Research Center (PURC) Lynn Jarrett Pierce Jones, Ph.D. Craig Miller Jennison Kipp Searcy Nicholas Taylor University of Florida’s Program for Resource Efficient Communities (PREC) David Chasar Jeremy Nelson Jeffrey Sonne Robin Vieira University of Central Florida’s Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) Florida Multifamily Efficiency Opportunities Study – Final Report i | Page [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] ii | Page Florida Multifamily Efficiency Opportunities Study – Final Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................................... vii List of Acronyms and Key Terms ....................................................................................................................... viii Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Study motivation ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Study goal and scope ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Key findings and recommendations ................................................................................................................ 3 Organization of report ..................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Stakeholders ........................................................................................................................................ 8 1.2 Multifamily efficiency opportunities .................................................................................................. 12 1.3 Challenges .......................................................................................................................................... 14 1.4 Strategies ........................................................................................................................................... 16 1.5 Summary context for evaluating multifamily efficiency opportunities ............................................. 19 2. Savings Potential ........................................................................................................................................ 21 2.1 Data sources ....................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Renter household demographics and housing cost burdens ............................................................ 23 2.3 Housing stock characterization .......................................................................................................... 27 2.4 Energy savings potential .................................................................................................................... 34 2.5 Water savings potential ..................................................................................................................... 39 2.6 Summary and scaled savings potential .............................................................................................. 44 3. Efficiency Program Cost Effectiveness ....................................................................................................... 47 3.1 Efficacy of audits ................................................................................................................................ 47 3.2 Data availability, transparency and access ........................................................................................ 48 3.3 Cost-benefit analysis of Florida’s efficiency programs ...................................................................... 49 4. Existing Policies and Programs for Multifamily Building Efficiency – Energy and Water .......................... 59 4.1 Building codes and ordinances .......................................................................................................... 59 4.2 State (Florida) energy efficiency policies and programs .................................................................... 65 4.3 State (Florida) water efficiency policies and programs ..................................................................... 69 4.4 Third-party above-code programs ..................................................................................................... 71 4.5 Equipment, appliance and fixture standards ..................................................................................... 73 4.6 Financing programs (state and local) ................................................................................................. 75 Florida Multifamily Efficiency Opportunities Study – Final Report iii | Page 4.7 Low-income assistance programs ..................................................................................................... 77 4.8 FDACS Florida Energy Clearinghouse (state) ..................................................................................... 78 4.9 Florida Green Government Grants Act .............................................................................................. 78 5. Multifamily Efficiency Best Practices ......................................................................................................... 81 5.1 Build partnerships and coordinate initiatives ................................................................................... 82 5.2 Promote education, awareness and behavior change ...................................................................... 83 5.3 Benchmark performance ................................................................................................................... 85 5.4 Ensure access to and transparency of data ....................................................................................... 87 5.5 Secure and provide access to financing and incentives .................................................................... 88 6. Multifamily Efficiency Program Recommendations for Florida ................................................................ 91 6.1 Summary of context for recommendations ...................................................................................... 91 6.2 A description of each multifamily efficiency initiative recommendation ......................................... 96 7. Further Resources ................................................................................................................................... 113 7.1 References ....................................................................................................................................... 113 7.2 Study team contact information ..................................................................................................... 122 iv | Page Florida Multifamily Efficiency Opportunities Study – Final Report ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A project of this scope requires the insight and cooperation of many more than just those listed as the authors. While it is impossible to adequately thank everyone for their contributions, we will do our best. All errors, of course, remain the joint responsibilities of the authors. We appreciate Commissioner Adam Putnam and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services’ Office of Energy for focusing on energy and water efficiency for multifamily housing. Multifamily efficiency is an important policy issue that affects