INFORMATION CONTROLS, GLOBAL MEDIA INFLUENCE, AND CYBER WARFARE STRATEGY HEARING BEFORE THE U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION THURSDAY, MAY 4, 2017 Printed for use of the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission Available via the World Wide Web: www.uscc.gov UNITED STATES-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION WASHINGTON: 2017 ii U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION CAROLYN BARTHOLOMEW, CHAIRMAN HON. DENNIS C. SHEA, VICE CHAIRMAN Commissioners: ROBIN CLEVELAND HON. JONATHAN N. STIVERS HON. BYRON L. DORGAN HON. JAMES TALENT HON. CARTE P. GOODWIN DR. KATHERINE C. TOBIN DR. GLENN HUBBARD MICHAEL R. WESSEL DANIEL M. SLANE DR. LARRY M. WORTZEL MICHAEL R. DANIS, Executive Director The Commission was created on October 30, 2000 by the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for 2001 § 1238, Public Law No. 106-398, 114 STAT. 1654A-334 (2000) (codified at 22 U.S.C. § 7002 (2001), as amended by the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for 2002 § 645 (regarding employment status of staff) & § 648 (regarding changing annual report due date from March to June), Public Law No. 107-67, 115 STAT. 514 (Nov. 12, 2001); as amended by Division P of the “Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003,” Pub L. No. 108-7 (Feb. 20, 2003) (regarding Commission name change, terms of Commissioners, and responsibilities of the Commission); as amended by Public Law No. 109- 108 (H.R. 2862) (Nov. 22, 2005) (regarding responsibilities of Commission and applicability of FACA); as amended by Division J of the “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008,” Public Law Nol. 110-161 (December 26, 2007) (regarding responsibilities of the Commission, and changing the Annual Report due date from June to December); as amended by the Carl Levin and Howard P. “Buck” McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015, P.L. 113-291 (December 19, 2014) (regarding responsibilities of the Commission). The Commission’s full charter is available at www.uscc.gov. iii July 27, 2017 The Honorable Orrin Hatch President Pro Tempore of the Senate, Washington, D.C. 20510 The Honorable Paul Ryan Speaker of the House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. 20515 DEAR SENATOR HATCH AND SPEAKER RYAN: We are pleased to transmit the record of our May 4, 2017 public hearing on “China’s Information Controls, Global Media Influence, and Cyber Warfare Strategy.” The Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for 2001 § 1238, Pub. L. No. 106-398 (as amended by the Carl Levin and Howard P. “Buck” McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 § 1259b, Pub. L. No. 113-291) provides the basis for this hearing. At the hearing, the Commissioners heard from the following witnesses: Xiao Qiang, Adjunct Professor, School of Information, University of California, Berkeley; Margaret Roberts, Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of California, San Diego; Sophie Richardson, China Director, Human Rights Watch; Dan Southerland, Former Executive Editor, Radio Free Asia; Shanthi Kalathil, Director, International Forum for Democratic Studies, National Endowment for Democracy; Sarah Cook, Senior Research Analyst for East Asia, Freedom House; Chris C. Demchak, Grace M. Hopper Professor of Cyber Security and Director, Center for Cyber Conflict Studies (C3S), U.S. Naval War College; and James A. Lewis, Senior Vice President, Center for Strategic and International Studies. The subjects covered included the mechanisms the Chinese government uses to censor information in China, China’s repression of journalists, China’s influence on media in the United States and other countries, and China’s views of norms in cyberspace. It specifically examined the effectiveness of Beijing’s information control mechanisms, the methods employed by Internet users in China to circumvent these mechanisms, and Chinese acquisitions of U.S. film studios and cinemas. Additionally, this hearing explored Beijing’s view of Internet sovereignty and Chinese computer network operations doctrine. We note that the full transcript of the hearing will be posted to the Commission’s website when completed. The prepared statements and supporting documents submitted by the participants are now posted on the Commission’s website at www.uscc.gov. Members and the staff of the Commission are available to provide more detailed briefings. We hope these materials will be helpful to the Congress as it continues its assessment of U.S.-China relations and their impact on U.S. security. The Commission will examine in greater depth these issues, and the other issues enumerated in its statutory mandate, in its 2017 Annual Report that will be submitted to Congress in November 2017. Should you have any questions regarding this hearing or any other issue related to China, please do not hesitate to have your staff contact our Congressional Liaison, Leslie Tisdale, at 202-624-1496 or [email protected]. Sincerely yours, Carolyn Bartholomew Hon. Dennis C. Shea Chairman Vice Chairman cc: Members of Congress and Congressional Staff iv CONTENTS THURSDAY, MAY 4, 2017 CHINA’S INFORMATION CONTROLS, GLOBAL MEDIA INFLUENCE, AND CYBER WARFARE STRATEGY Opening Statement of Chairman Carolyn Bartholomew (Hearing Co-Chair) .....................................................................................................................6 Prepared Statement .......................................................................................................................8 Opening Statement of Commissioner Larry M. Wortzel, Ph.D. (Hearing Co-Chair) ...................................................................................................................10 Prepared Statement .....................................................................................................................11 Panel I: China’s Domestic Information Controls and Their Implications Panel I Introduction by Commissioner Larry M. Wortzel, Ph.D. (Hearing Co-Chair) ...................................................................................................................12 Statement of Xiao Qiang Adjunct Professor, School of Information, University of California, Berkeley, .......................14 Prepared Statement .....................................................................................................................17 Statement of Margaret Roberts Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of California, San Diego .........................32 Prepared Statement .....................................................................................................................35 Statement of Sophie Richardson China Director, Human Rights Watch .......................................................................................43 Prepared Statement .....................................................................................................................46 Panel I: Question and Answer........................................................................................................57 Panel II: China’s Global Media Influence Panel II Introduction by Chairman Carolyn Bartholomew (Hearing Co-Chair) ...................................................................................................................73 Statement of Dan Southerland Former Executive Editor, Radio Free Asia ...............................................................................75 Prepared Statement .....................................................................................................................79 Statement of Shanthi Kalathil Director, International Forum for Democratic Studies, National Endowment for Democracy. 93 Prepared Statement .....................................................................................................................96 Statement of Sarah Cook Senior Research Analyst for East Asia, Freedom House ........................................................104 Prepared Statement ...................................................................................................................107 Panel II: Question and Answer ....................................................................................................127 v Panel III: Beijing’s Views on Norms in Cyberspace and China’s Cyber Warfare Strategy Panel III Introduction by Chairman Carolyn Bartholomew (Hearing Co-Chair) .................................................................................................................142 Statement of Chris C. Demchak Grace M. Hopper Professor of Cyber Security and Director, Center for Cyber Conflict Studies (C3S), U.S. Naval War College ..............................................................................................143 Prepared Statement ...................................................................................................................145 Statement of James A. Lewis Ph.D., Senior Vice President, Center for Strategic and International Studies .........................179 Prepared Statement ...................................................................................................................181 Panel III: Question and Answer ..................................................................................................191 6 INFORMATION CONTROLS, GLOBAL MEDIA INFLUENCE, AND CYBER WARFARE STRATEGY THURSDAY, MAY 4, 2017 U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION Washington, D.C. The Commission