HISTORY OF THE U.S. SUPREME COURT 1 THE U.S. CONSTITUTION • Article III – The Judiciary – Section 1 - Establishes the Supreme Court – Section 2 - Defines the Court’s Powers – Section 3 – Defines treason • Article II – The Executive – Section 2 – Nomination of judges • Qualification of the Justices 2 THE COURT • Selection and Appointments • Historical Composition of the Court • The Court Term • Drafting and Releasing Opinions • The Chief Justice’s Role 3 THE JAY COURT 1789 - 1795 • Selecting the First Court • Few Willing to Serve on the Court – No Cases to Hear – Riding Circuit 5 JAY COURT CASES • Chisholm v. Georgia – Background – Decision – Reaction – 11 th Amendment • Glass v. Sloop Betsey 6 THE RUTLEDGE COURT 1795 • The Jay Treaty • Jay Leaves the Court • The Court’s First Recess Appointment • Rutledge Makes a Very Unwise Remark • The Senate Refuses to Confirm 8 THE ELLSWORTH COURT 1796 - 1800 • Ware v. Hylton • A New Home • Alien & Sedition Acts of 1798 – Naturalization Act – Alien Friends Act – Alien Enemies Act – Sedition Act 10 ELECTION OF 1800 • The Federalist Are Routed – “Mad Tom” Jefferson Elected President – His Republican Followers Would Control Congress • The Federalists Hope that Judges Could Save the Constitution From These Radicals • Chief Justice Ellsworth is Ailing and Resigns • John Jay is Asked to Serve Again – He Refuses • President Adams Nominates His Secretary of State, John Marshall, to the Supreme Court 11 THE MARSHALL COURT 1801 – 1835 "My gift of John Marshall to the people of the United States may be the proudest act of my life" John Adams ~ President •John Marshall •Marbury v. Madison – Marshall’s Decision •Impeachment of Justice Samuel Chase 13 The Next 15 Years • McCulloch v. Maryland • States’ Rights and Slavery – Compromise of 1820 • Cohens v. Virginia • Gibbons v. Ogden 14 Missouri Compromise - 1820 15 The Next 15 Years • McCulloch v. Maryland • States’ Rights and Slavery – Compromise of 1820 • Cohens v. Virginia • Gibbons v. Ogden 16 Marshall’s Final Years • Worchester v. Georgia • The Antelope • Marshall’s Passing 17 THE TANEY COURT 1836 - 1864 • Roger Taney • Prigg v. Pennsylvania • Dred Scott 19 Dred Scott’s Travels 20 SCOTT V. SANFORD • Before Taney, the doctrine was: – Once Free, Always Free • Strader v. Graham –Once a Slave, Always a Slave • Who Was Dred Scott? • Who Was Sanford? • The Kansas-Nebraska Act 21 SCOTT V. SANFORD • The Decision • The Final Outcome • March 4, 1861 • Succession Divides the Court 22 THE END OF TANEY’S TERM • Ex parte Merryman • The Prize Cases • Taney Dies 23 THE CHASE COURT 1864 – 1873 • Salmon P. Chase • Ex Parte Milligan • The Post-Civil War Amendments • Musical Chairs • President Andrew Johnson’s Impeachment • Judicial Act of 1869 • Chase Dies 25 THE WAITE COURT 1874 - 1888 • Morrison R. Waite • Slaughterhouse Case • Cruickshank v. United States • Yick Wo v. Hopkins • Civil Rights Act of 1875 • Waite Dies 27 THE FULLER COURT 1888-1910 • Melville W. Fuller • The Judicial Handshake • Plessy v. Ferguson • Lochner v. New York • Muller v. Oregon • The Brandeis Brief 29 THE WHITE COURT 1910-1921 • Edward Douglas White • Grandfather Clauses • The First Jew – Louis D. Brandeis • Brandeis and James McReynolds • Child Labor Laws 31 WORLD WAR I • The Espionage Act - 1917 • The Sedition Act – 1918 • Schenck v. United States 32 THE TAFT COURT 1921-1930 • William Howard Taft • Child Labor Laws Revisited • Gitlow v. New York • Moore v. Dempsey • Adkins v. Children’ Hospital • 1930 - Taft Retires 34 THE HUGHES COURT 1930-1941 • Charles Evan Hughes • “The Four Horsemen of Reaction” • “The Three Musketeers” • “The Roving Justices” • The New Deal Legislation – The National Industrial Recovery Administration (NRA) – The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) 36 New Deal Cases • Nebbia v. New York • Schechter Poultry Co. v. United States • And Many Others……. • Packing the Court • The Court Changes Directions – West Coast Hotel v. Parrish 37 Civil Rights Cases • Near v. Minnesota • Norris v. Alabama (The Scottsboro Boys) • Minersville District v. Gobitis • Charles Evans Hughes Retires 38 THE STONE COURT 1941-1946 • Harlan Fiske Stone • West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette • Japanese Internment – Hirabayashi v. United States – Korematsu v. United States – Ex Parte Endo • Ex parte Quirin • Cramer v. United States • Harlan Fiske Stone Dies 40 THE VINSON COURT 1946-1953 • Fred Moore Vinson • The Quirin Case Lives On – Hans Max Haupt v. United States • The Beginnings of Brown v. Board of Education – Olive Brown of Topeka, Kansas – Harry Briggs of Clarendon County, SC – Two Similar Cases from Virginia and Delaware – Reargument Ordered • Vinson Dies 42 THE WARREN COURT 1953-1969 • Earl Warren • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS • Unanimous Decision • 21 States + DC Affected • No Date for Changes Set; States Given Chance To Be Heard On Appropriate Remedies • Warren Declares: Desegregation would now proceed “with all deliberate speed.” 44 WARREN COURT - Continued • Mapp v. Ohio • Gideon v. Wainwright • Baker v. Carr • Engle v.Vitale • Murray v. Curlett • Abington School District v. Schempp • Warren Retires to Head Commission into JFK’s Assassination 45 THE BURGER COURT 1969-1986 • Warren E. Burger • Freedom of Religion • Freedom of the Press • Exclusionary Rule • United States v. Richard M. Nixon 47 THE BURGER COURT - Continued • Gender Cases • Affirmative Action • Abortion • Death Penalty • Burger Retires 48 THE REHNQUIST COURT 1986-2005 • William H. Rehnquist • County of Allegheny v. ACLU • Weisman v. Lee • United States v. Lopez • Bush v. Gore • Lawrence v. Texas • Newdow v. Elk Grove School Disctict 50 52 THE CURRENT CHIEF JUSTICE CHATS WITH HIS EVENTUAL SUCCESSOR.