NOVEMBER I, 1900] NATURE 15 and is thus the less sensitive of the two instruments. An exami­ England, becoming connected with !)'Alembert, Diderot, nation in detail of these curves shows that the temperature was N'?ll~t, Buffon, Franklin, Sir John Pringle, and especially with at its lowest about eight minutes after the middle of the eclipse, Wilham and John Hunter. He was elected a Fellow of the and began to rise rapidly as the eclipsed portions of the sun Royal Society. In 1771 he published in the Philosophical became less. The highest reading with the black bulb thermo· Transactions an account of the '.\[anna Tree of Calabria, Sicily meter uefore the eclipse began was 63°7, the lowest during and Mont~ Gargano, describing the method of extracting the eclipse being 35°0 7, showing a fall of 28°. With the white bulb manna. The l'hi/osophica! Transactt'o1ts also contain his the corresponding readings were 15'·6 ancl 3' respectively, show­ observations, made near Taranto, on the effect of the tarantola ing a drop of 12·"6. bite; Cirillo confirms what Serao, in 1742, had already written on Tarantism, dispelling the absurd superstition of the music­ cure supposed to be effected by dancing the Tarantella. He obse_rves ho_w in Sicily the tarantola is never dangerous, ancl the DOJ1ENICO CIR//,LO AND THE CHEMICAL music-cute 1s unknown. 1 ACTION OF LIGHT IN CONNECTION In the latter part of the eighteenth century, while the WITH VEGETAHLE IRRITABII.ITY. Neapolitan kingdom was freeing itself more and more from the Q NE hundred and one years ago, on October 29, 1799, baneful Spanish influence, during the early years of the reign of Domenico Cirillo, the Neapolitan Linnxus, was hanged Ferdinand IV. and Maria Carolina of Austria, a spirit of reform on the market-place of Naples, together with some of the and progress had risen in South Italy, and a new impulse was noblest among Italian men of letters and science. It is especially given to research in natural sciences. In medicine, after titting to remember Cirillo in Englancl, the country which he Francesco Serao and Domenico Cotugno, Cirillo rose above the ,·isite<l and where he hacl many friends, and for the literature rest. The researches and teaching of Giovanni '.\faria Della an~ science of which he showed a special predilection-a country Torre and of Cirillo opened a new field to the Neapolitan which unfortunately had such a fatal influence upon his destiny. naturali,ts in microscopical investigations. Andiir'oun<l Cirillo, The Cirillos of Grumo, a village ,,f Terra di Lavoro, were a agr.in, a new school of botanists and zoologists and of chemical family of doctors, naturalists and artists. At the beginning of investigators arose, among whom we may record the names of the eighteenth century Nicola Cirillo was famed, both as a Filippo Cavolini, Vincenzo Briganti, Gaetano Nicodemi, physician and a botanist. Following the best traditions of Antonio Barba, Saverio Macrt, Antonio Fasano, :Nicola l\:eapolitan science, the traditions of Pinelli, of Imperato, and Pacifico, Vincenzo Petagna, Matteo Ton<li, Nicola Andria, of \laranta, Nicola Cirillo instituted a private botanical <>:mien the Vincenzo Comi. The discoveries of Alberto Fortis in 1783, only one then existing in ~aples. In 1718 he becam~ a Fellow near Molfetta, where he observed the richness of the soil in of the Royal Society of London, and in connection with this nitrates, led to investigations in Naples on the origin of nitre, Society, then presided over by Sir Isaac Newton, Nicola Cirillo in which Fortis himself, '.\[elchiorre Delfico, Giuseppe Giovene, began t? collect _meteorolo_gical <l:1:ta on the climat~ of Naples. Giuseppe Vairo and Zimmermann were chiefly engaged. In After his death, 10 17 34, his bota01cal garden and his collections, geological and mineralogical research Giov. l\f. Della Torre together with the famous herbarium of Ferrante Imperato were took the lead, and with him, or shortly after him, worked preserved, and the garden improved with the more 'recent Ascanio Filomarino duca clella Torre, Domenico Salsano, Gius. systems of classification by Sante Cirillo, pa.inter and naturalist, Gioeni, Gai>tano De Bettis, Luigi De Curtis, Vincenzo Santoli, whose house became a centre of the learning and culture of Domenico Tata, Scipione Breislak, Camillo Pellegrini. In Kaples. 1 1788 Lazzaro Spallanzani began his tour to the volcanic regions Domenico Cirillo was born in 1739, and so profited by the of Southern Italy and Sicily. In those <lays Sir William education and influence of Sante, his uncle, of Kicola Capasso Hamilton, <luring the many years of his residence in Naples, Francesco S_erao, and of other teachers, that at the age of collected information on the l'hle~rean Fields, while Ascanio twenty-one, 10 l 760, he successfully competed for the chair of Filomarino was forming his Vesuv1an '.\luseum, destined to so botany in the University of Naples. Domenico Cirillo, indeed short an existence; for the museum and all the other scientific followed in the track of ~icola, and soon became known bot!; collections in the Filomarino Palace were destroyed in January as a botanist and as a physician. In numerous botanical 1799, when the unfortunate duke and his brother, Clemente excursions he visited the greater part of the provinces of Filomarino, ihe poet (the translator of Young's poems), were Southern Italy and Sicily ; and he was the first to organise in burnt as Jacobins by the infuriated Royalist mob. 2 this country a regular Lotanical survey, sending out pupils and During this same period some of the more important foreign assistants to collect in different provinces. Thus not only many works were translatecl into Italian and published in Naples; rare plants were described in his "Fascicoli l'lantarum rariorum such as the works of Stephen Hales, of Priestley, Linn.:eus, and Regni Napolitani," begun in 1788, but several new species were the Agricultural Encyclop.;erlia of Rozier. 3 discovered. At present, in the Italian flora, about thirteen Omitting here all mention of his medical and other publica­ species of phanerogams are retained as first discovered and tions, Cirillo's chief works on botany and entomology were the described by Cirillo. following :-"Tahulx botanic-.-e elementares," 1773; "De essen­ Thatyeriod, when me~ workeJ under the spell of Linnceus, tialibus nonullarum plan ta rum charactcribus," 1784; " Entomo­ was a tune of great botantcal fervour, of furore botanico to use logia Xeap. Specimen primum," 1787-1790; "De Cypero Cirillo's expression, in the collecting and invc,tigating of plants. Papyro," 1787, re-edited at Parma in 1796; "Fundamenta Of Cirillo's early connection with Linn,eus, botanists are still botanica, ,ive philosophice botanic,-e explicatio," l 787; " Plant­ reminded by the name of the Cyri//ae, which the great Swede arum rariorum Regni Keapolitani," fasc. i. 1788, fasc. ii. 1793; dedicated to his young Neapolitan correspondent. Indeed the "Discorsi Accademici," 1789, re-edited in I 799. ?evotion of ~irillo fo_r L_inn,eus was so great that, following the In the field of vegetable physiology, the discoveries of Cirillo impulse of his enthus1ast1c nature, he ra1secl a monument to him on the irritability of plants are noteworthy. In that field, in the olcl botanical garden of the Cirillo family. together with his contemporary, G. B. Dal Covolo, Cirillo is the Induced by Lacly Walpole, Cirillo visited France and l The music-cure for the tarantola bite is still practised b_y pea:-;ants, 1 Ferrante Imperato, whose hcrharium was preserved in the Cirillo coI­ especially women, in some parts of the province of Lcccc and m Calabria. lections1 lived at the end or the sixteenth ceutury. In writing his II Historia In Cirillo's days the belief in the dangerous and strange effects of the Lite naturale," printed in ~aples in 15991 Imperato put togetht!r a museu~1 of the tarantola was held even by persons hi~h in authority. See Andrea which soon became known in Europc; for besides having: for fellow-workers Pigonati, "Sul Tarantismo," Opuscoli Scclh ii. (Milano, 1779). Compare in 'Naples B. )faranta and Fabio Colonna, Imperato corresponded with Franc. Serao, "Della Tarantola o sia Falangio di Puglia" (Napoli, 1742). P. A. Mattioli, Gaspard Bauhin, Ulis.se Al<lovrandi, :\IclchiorrP Guilan<lino 2 Duca Uclla Torre, "Descrizione del Gabinetto Vesuviano da lui posse­ and others of the foremost botanists of the time. His herbariurn is sai<l t~ duto" (Napoli, 1796, 2da ed.). h:ive been composed of eighty volumes. The museum of Imperato got 3 The works of Hales were translated by a lady, 'Maria Ar<linghclli; d1~pcrsed <lur_ing the plag1;1e of 1656, and Nicola Cirillo eventually ob· St. Hale:.," Statica <lei Vegetabili ed Anali:;;i <lell' Aria, trad. dall' Inglese tametl possession of only ntne volumes. After the sacking of Domenico con varic annotazioni da M.A. Ar<linghelli '' (Napoli, 1756). 11 Cirillo's house in 1799 1 one volume only of the lmperato hcrharium was St. Hales, Emastatica, ossia Statica <legli Animali. Esperienze idrau­ sayeJ, and is now in the Biblioteca Kazionalc of Naples. It contains 44 0 liche fatte sugli animali viventi" (Napoli, 1776). dncd plants, i.e. about one-seventh of all the plants identified in the days of Gius. Priestley, "Sperienze ed Osservazioni sopra diverse Specie di aria, Imperato and Bauhin. This herbarium, together with the herbarium of trad. dall' Inglese" (Napoli, 1784). Cesalpino, is among the rarest of botanical relics. The trans\ati0n of Rozier's Encyclop;cdia was begun in 1783, and was Of the h_erharium of.Domenico Cirillo a small remaining portion is now due to the Societa Letteraria di Napoli, of which Cirillo was one of the prest:rved m the botanical museum of the Agricultural College of Portici leading rnem hers.