Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration ECUADOR Last Updated: 2006-12-19 Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l) Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line R 1993 -1994 5 provinces: Pre-SAC: Total B 1.00-4.99 1232 2.0 17.760.0 0.96 0.32 64 * Pre-SAC by age B 1.00-1.99 NS 20.8 Pre-SAC by age B 2.00-2.99 NS 21.2 Pre-SAC by age B 3.00-3.99 NS 15.4 Pre-SAC by age B 4.00-4.99 NS 14.8 Pre-SAC by ethnic group: Black B 1.00-4.99 NS 22.4 1 Pre-SAC by ethnic group: Indian B 1.00-4.99 NS 16.8 2 Pre-SAC by ethnic group: Mestizo B 1.00-4.99 NS 17.8 Pre-SAC by area: Rural B 1.00-4.99 NS 13.9 Pre-SAC by area: Urban B 1.00-4.99 NS 22.9 Pre-SAC by province: Azuay (mountain) B 1.00-4.99 303 25.6 Pre-SAC by province: Chimborazo (mountain) B 1.00-4.99 199 17.7 Pre-SAC by province: Cotopaxi (mountain) B 1.00-4.99 137 9.6 Pre-SAC by province: Esmeraldas (coast) B 1.00-4.99 188 18.1 Pre-SAC by province: Manabi (coast) B 1.00-4.99 405 14.8 L 1992 Latacunga and Ambato: Elderly by sex F 60.00-99.99 52 0.06.0 1.99 4458 * 3 Latacunga and Ambato: Elderly by sex M 60.00-99.99 20 0.00.0 2.06 4 © WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency NOTES ECUADOR Reference No: 64 General notes: Multi-stage PPS cluster sampling - 30 clusters from the 5 poorest provinces (Azuay, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, Esmeralda and Manabi). Serum retinol concentrations converted from µg/mL to µmol/L. Note 1 All resided in the province of Esmeralda. Note 2 All resided in the provinces; Cotopaxi and Chimborazo. Reference No: 4458 General notes: Facility based study (institutions). Sample comprised of elderly from two institutions; a public institution in Latacunga (Alt. 2770 m), Cotopaxi province and Hogar Sagrado Corazon de Jesus, a private institution in Ambato (Alt. 2575 m), Tungurahua province. Note 3 SR <1.40 µmol/L: 14.0% Note 4 SR <1.40 µmol/L: 15.0% © WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency R E F E R E N C E S ECUADOR Reference 64 Ministerio de Salud Publica [Ecuador]. Deficiencia de vitamina A en provincias de pobreza critica del Ecuador. Quito, 1994. Reference 4458 Barclay DV, Heredia L, Gil-Ramos J, Montalvo MM, Lozano R, Mena M, Dirren H. Nutritional status of institutionalised elderly in Ecuador. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición, 1996, 46 :122-127. © WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency ADDITIONAL REFERENCES ECUADOR Reference 3130 Ministerio de Salud Pública, Organización Panamericana de la Salud, International Life Sciences Institute, UNICEF, FASBASE-Banco Mundial. Programa integrado para el control de les principales deficiencias de micronutrientes en el Ecuador. Quito, Ministerio de Salud Pública, 1995. Reference 4224 Rodriguez A, Guaman G, Nelson DP. Estado nutricional de los niños de cinco provincias del Ecuador con respecto a la vitamina A [Vitamin A status of children in five provinces of Ecuador]. Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, 1996, 120 :117-124. Reference 4239 Rodriguez A, Guaman G, Nelson DP. Vitamin A status of children in five Ecuadorian provinces. Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, 1996, 30 :234-241. Reference 4904 Koyanagi A, Kuffo D, Gresely L, Shenkin A, Cuevas LE. Relationships between serum concentrations of C-reactive protein and micronutrients, in patients with tuberculosis. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 2004, 98 :391-399. © WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency.