Manual for Sustainable Electricity Demand Side Management & Renewable Energy in India Capacity building of CSOs This manual is an attempt to inform the layperson about the sustainable way of electricity in a simple question answer format. It covers a number of issues related to electricity vis-à-vis energy efficiency/renewable energy and their implications on common man. Its aim is to create an informed society through better consumer awareness, and thus, enhance effective participation in the regulatory process and sustainable way ahead. 0 GLOBAL WARMING What is Global Warming? Global warming refers to the long-term increase in the earths’ average temperature, primarily due to emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other Green House Gases (GHGs) from activities viz. burning coal, oil and gas. Global warming, in turn, leads to a change in the existing climatic conditions usually referred to as ‘Climate Carbon Global Climate Emission Warming Change Change’. Thus, carbon emission contributes to global warming which leads to climate change. Since global warming and climate change are causally related hence terms are often used interchangeably in normal daily communications. Following are some of the effects of global warming: Changes in rainfall patterns; Increased prevalence of droughts; Heat waves; and Other extreme weather conditions. What are GHGs and how do they lead to Green House Effect? GHGs are those that absorb the heat radiated from the earth’s surface and helps keep earth’s temperature warm. Water vapour, carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), methane The Greenhouse Effect for the Earth etc. is examples of GHGs that are emitted due Source: www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/whatis.htm to various human activities. If concentration of these gases increase in the atmosphere, earth could not radiate its heat since part of it gets trapped by the GHGs and leads to increase in earth’s temperature. This is called the ‘Green House Effect’. Causes of Global Warming? While Earth's climate has changed naturally throughout time, the current rate of change due to human activity is unprecedented owing to human activities causing carbon emission. a) Natural causes Movement of continental blocks Volcanic eruptions Why Greenhouse remains warm all thetime? Source: http://theweatherchannelkids.com/climate- code/climate-close-up/greenhouse-gases/ 1 b) Human activities Burning fossil fuel (Coal, Diesel, Kerosene, Natural Gas) Deforestation Change in Land use pattern Industrial pollution Why does burning fossil fuel cause Global Warming? Burning fossil fuel leads to CO2 emission which then gets trapped in the earth’s atmosphere. Increase in concentration of CO2 (which is also a GHG) acts as a blanket on the earth’s atmosphere which then leads to an increase in earth’s temperature. Thus, in turn, causes change in earth’s climate and manifests itself in natural phenomenon like melting of glaciers, erratic monsoon etc. that severely threaten the future of human civilisation. At present what are the visible effects of Global Warming? • Increase in mean average temperature • Rise in mean sea level • Erratic monsoon • Increase in malaria and similar vector borne diseases, heat stroke etc. • Falling farm productivity Human Activities leading to Climate Change Source: http://350orbust.com/10-indicators-of-a-human-footprint-on-climate-change/ 2 How is Electricity sector linked to Global Warming? In 2007 total GHG emission in India stood at 1727.71 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents. 7.7 The energy sector emitted 1100.06 million Coal tonnes of CO equivalent in 2007 which means Oil 2 24.7 53.3 58 percent of the total GHG emission has been Gas from this sector alone. Electricity generation Nuclear constituted the highest contributor to GHG 2.9 Hydro emission (65.4 percent) from the energy 10.5 Others 0.9 sector. Since coal is still the predominant fuel used for electricity generation, the sector India's Electricity Generation by Source (%) constituted 51 percent of the total CO2 emission. What can be done to reduce CO2 emission from the electricity sector (from the perspective of DREC project)? According to the Integrated Energy Policy (2006), to maintain a growth rate of eight percent by 2031-32 India needs to increase electricity generation capacity by 5 to 6 times from 2003-04 levels. This means that while the present electricity generation is 1,60,000 MW by 2031-32 it will have to reach 8,00,000 MW. Keeping the need for economic growth into perspective it is important that electricity from conventional sources should be used judiciously (to avoid huge capacity additions in the future) and the same should be supplemented by non-conventional sources (viz. solar, wind, biomass, biogas, tidal). Thus, CO2 emission from the electricity sector could be reduced by: using electrical equipment’s that consume less electricity; switching off electrical equipment’s when not in use; and using equipment’s that use renewable/non-conventional sources viz. solar water heating system, solar home lighting system (instead of generator/inverters). Role of consumers to reduce global warming? Consumers should use electricity judiciously to avoid huge capacity additions in future Consumers should use clean source of energy such as solar, wind, biomass, biogas, tidal etc. to run their electric equipment’s Participate effectively in the regulatory process to ensure sustainable and reliable development 3 DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT What is demand side management? Demand Side Management (DSM) means managing the demand for electricity. In general, consumers demand electricity and the utility service provider manages the demand by adopting appropriate measures to ensure good quality of service to consumers. Peak Demand at 7.30 p.m. Since – Full Lighting load, and other Commercial and Domestic loads Demand is huge between Demand is 5:30 p.m. and 9:30 minimum between p.m. 12 a.m. and 6 a.m. Pattern of electricity use by different category of stakeholders at different parts of the day Stakeholder TIME categories 6:00 - 9:00 9:00 - 12:00 12:00 - 17:00 17:00 - 21:00 21:00 - 23:00 23:00-06:00 Light, Fan, Light, Fan, Household Fan Fan Fan, TV Fan TV TV Agriculture Not used Pumpsets Pumpsets - - - Shops/Retail Light, AC, Light, Fan, Closed Light, Fan, TV - - Outlets/Offices Fan TV Trend in Electricity MINIMUM INCREASING INCREASING MAXIMUM DECREASING MINIMUM Consumption Observations from the Figure Base Demand (average demand) = 3,000 MW Peak demand = 4,300 MW 4 Difference between Base Demand and Peak Demand (B-A) = 1,300 MW For this extra demand for 1,300 MW utility has to arrange additional installed capacity or purchase power at high rate during peak hours. The goal of DSM is to encourage consumers to use less energy during peak hours or to move the time of energy use to off-peak hour’s viz. night. For example, the Time of Day (ToD) metering for industrial, commercial and agriculture consumers is an example of DSM. What is Time of Day (ToD) Metering? ToD metering is a tool for flattening the load curve shown in figure above. In the case of commercial, industrial and agriculture consumers, electricity tariff during off-peak hours is much lower compared to those of normal and peak hours. Again tariff during peak hours is highest when compared to those of normal and off-peak hours. Why DSM and Energy Efficiency are important? Use of energy efficient technologies can lead to a reduction in demand and hence generation of electricity. This, in turn, can prevent further capacity additions (to the existing thermal generation stations) or reduce investment in new thermal generation stations. Role of Consumers in DSM & RE? It is being recognised globally that a sustainable way forward for responsible growth is by ensuring a minimal impact on the environment. This can be achieved only through reducing carbon emissions by increasing end use energy efficiency (DSM), and greater utilisation of renewable energy (RE) resources. Thus, it is necessary to enhance focus on energy efficiency & renewable energy. 5 ENERGY EFFICIENCY What is Energy Efficiency? Energy efficiency means using electricity efficiently. The Need for DSM/EE efficient use of electrical energy can be considered at consumers end only. It can be practiced by using electricity Saving 1 unit of electricity at judiciously as well as by using electrical equipment’s that consumer end avoids nearly 2.5 consume less electricity (i.e. use of energy efficient times of capacity addition. 1 MW capacity addition of thermal technology). power requires Rs 6 crores for Practicing energy efficiency leads to reduction in demand and installation and another Rs 3 crores hence generation of electricity. This, in turn, can prevent for Transmission and Distribution further capacity additions to the existing thermal generation stations and reduce investment in new thermal generation stations. How to identify Energy Efficient equipment’s? Star label BEE label What is BEE? Bureau of Energy Efficiency commonly known as BEE was established on March 01, 2002 under provisions of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. The mission of the BEE is to assist in developing policies and strategies with a thrust on self-regulation and market principles, within the overall framework of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 with the primary objective of reducing energy intensity of the Indian economy. This will be achieved with active participation of all stakeholders, resulting in accelerated and sustained adoption of energy efficiency in all sectors. What are the Regulatory Functions of BEE? Develop minimum energy performance standards and labeling design for equipment and appliances; Develop specific energy conservation building codes; Develop specific energy consumption norms; Certify energy managers and auditors; and Define the manner and periodicity of mandatory energy audits. What is Star and BEE Label? BEE introduced Star Label to assist consumers in choosing electrical equipment’s that are energy efficient.