Shattuck Avenue Commercial Corridor Historic Context and Survey Prepared for: City of Berkeley Department of Planning and Development City of Berkeley 2120 Milvia St. Berkeley, CA 94704 Attn: Sally Zarnowitz, Principal Planner Secretary to the Landmarks Preservation Commission 05.28.2015 FINAL DRAFT ARCHIVES & ARCHITECTURE, LLC PO Box 1332 San José, CA 95109-1332 http://www.archivesandarchitecture.com Shattuck Avenue ACKNOWLEDGMENT The activity which is the subject of this historic context has been financed in part with Federal funds from the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, through the California Office of Historic Preservation. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior or the California Office of Historic Preservation, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior or the California Office of Historic Preservation. Regulations of the U.S. Department of the Interior strictly prohibit unlawful discrimination in departmental federally‐assisted programs on the basis of race, color, sex, age, disability, or national origin. Any person who believes he or she has been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility operated by a recipient of Federal assistance should write to: Director, Equal Opportunity Program U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service P.O. Box 37127 Washington, DC 20013‐7127 Cover image: USGS Aerial excerpt, Microsoft Corporation ARCHIVES & ARCHITECTURE 2 Shattuck Avenue Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 5 Background to this Study .......................................................................................................... 5 Study Area ................................................................................................................................ 6 Setting ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Summary of Findings .............................................................................................................. 11 Historical Background ................................................................................................................. 12 Early History............................................................................................................................ 13 Spanish Period (1777-1822) .................................................................................................... 13 Mexican Period (1822–1846) .................................................................................................. 14 Early American (1847-1875) ................................................................................................... 15 Evolution of the City – Commerce and Transportation in Downtown Berkeley ......................... 18 1870s ...................................................................................................................................... 18 The 1880s................................................................................................................................ 20 The 1890s................................................................................................................................ 21 The 1900s................................................................................................................................ 23 1910s ...................................................................................................................................... 27 1920s ...................................................................................................................................... 30 1930s ...................................................................................................................................... 32 1940s ...................................................................................................................................... 35 1950s and beyond .................................................................................................................. 36 Architectural Theme ................................................................................................................... 39 Commercial Building Types ..................................................................................................... 39 One and Two-Part Commercial Blocks ................................................................................... 39 Additional Building Types ....................................................................................................... 41 Design Styles ........................................................................................................................... 42 Victorian Era (mid-1880s through 1905) ................................................................................ 42 Classical Revival / Beaux-Arts Classicism /Neoclassical (1890-1930) ..................................... 43 Eclectic Revival (1900 - 1940) ................................................................................................. 44 Art Deco and Art Moderne (1925-1945) ................................................................................. 45 Streamline Moderne (late 1930s into the 1940s) ................................................................... 46 Significance and Architecture Type and Style ......................................................................... 46 Integrity of Design in a Historic District .................................................................................. 47 Architects and Builders ........................................................................................................... 47 ARCHIVES & ARCHITECTURE 3 Shattuck Avenue Methodology of Cultural Resource Management ...................................................................... 53 General Framework ................................................................................................................ 54 Project Methodology .............................................................................................................. 55 Evaluation ................................................................................................................................... 56 Naming ................................................................................................................................... 56 Period of Significance (1895-1958) ......................................................................................... 56 District Boundaries ................................................................................................................. 56 Western Boundary .................................................................................................................. 58 Southern Boundary ................................................................................................................. 58 Eastern Boundary ................................................................................................................... 58 Northern Boundary ................................................................................................................. 59 Contributors and Non-Contributors ........................................................................................ 61 Sources of Information ............................................................................................................... 62 Primary Sources ...................................................................................................................... 62 Governmental Guidelines and Standards ............................................................................... 62 Governmental Plans, Surveys and Inventories ....................................................................... 63 Published Resources ............................................................................................................... 63 Maps ....................................................................................................................................... 65 Websites ................................................................................................................................. 65 Appendices .................................................................................................................................. 66 Appendix A: Regulatory Framework ....................................................................................... 66 Appendix B: DPR523D District Record (to be included as a part of formal recording and transmittal to the State Office of Historic Preservation ......................................................... 66 Appendix C: DPR523 series forms for individual properties ................................................... 66 Appendix A: Regulatory Framework ........................................................................................... 67 City of Berkeley Policies and Regulations ............................................................................... 67 Other Registration Programs .................................................................................................