Motorcoach and School Bus Fire Safety Analysis November 2016 FOREWORD This final report documents a study analyzing motorcoach and school bus fire safety. Research was performed by the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe) for the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), Technology Division, Office of Analysis, Research, and Technology. The objective of this study was to identify the causes, frequency, and severity of motorcoach and school bus fires in the United States, and determine potential ways to prevent or reduce the severity of these incidents. This study updates the 2009 Motorcoach Fire Safety Analysis, which was based on reported motorcoach fires that occurred from 1995 to 2008, and expands the database to include all nationally reported motorcoach fires (i.e., spontaneous, intentional, or the result of a collision or rollover) that occurred from 2004 to 2013. In addition, this report evaluates school bus fire risk, further explores the use of indicators of future fire risk based on regulatory compliance data, and estimates the fire safety impacts of recent technology changes—including automatic fire detection and suppression systems—on motorcoaches and school buses. Recommendations are offered for improving the quality of reported data, training and outreach, vehicle design and equipment, and inspection standards. The findings and recommendations in this report are of interest to a broad spectrum of stakeholders in the arena of passenger carrier safety, including Government regulatory agencies, motorcoach operators and school bus service providers, industry associations, vehicle and vehicle equipment manufacturers, and the traveling public. NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the USDOT in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. The contents of this report reflect the views of the contractor, who is responsible for the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the USDOT. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers named herein. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. QUALITY ASSURANCE STATEMENT FMCSA provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. FMCSA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FMCSA-RRR-16-016 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Motorcoach and School Bus Fire Safety Analysis November 2016 6 . Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Meltzer, Neil; Beaven, Lauren; Canas, Nelson; Istfan, Nadeem; Phillips, DOT-VNTSC-FMCSA-16-02 Britt 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center 55 Broadway 11. Contract or Grant No. Cambridge, MA 02142-1093 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Office of Analysis, Research, and Technology 1200 New Jersey Ave. SE 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, DC 20590 FMCSA 15. Supplementary Notes Contracting Officer’s Representative: Quon Kwan 16.Abstract This report documents a motorcoach and school bus fire safety analysis performed by the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe) for the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. This report aims to: 1) identify the causes, frequency, and severity of motorcoach and school bus fires in the United States, and 2) recommend ways to prevent or reduce the severity of these incidents, especially through improving the effectiveness of vehicle inspection practices. This report succeeds Volpe’s 2009 Motorcoach Fire Safety Analysis (henceforth referred to as the 2009 study), and has been expanded to include school bus fires. The 2009 study established a database of spontaneous motorcoach fires collecting information from U.S. Government, industry, and media sources and analyzed the safety risk of motorcoach fires. The study also sought to identify potential measures for risk reduction. The current report updates and expands on the 2009 study to include all motorcoach and school bus fires. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement motorcoach, school bus, passenger carrier, fire safety, No restrictions risk analysis, fire detection system, fire suppression system, passenger vehicle inspection, motorcoach maintenance 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22.Price Unclassified Unclassified 171 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized. SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS Approximate Conversions to SI Units Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol Length in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km Area in² square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm² ft² square feet 0.093 square meters m² yd² square yards 0.836 square meters m² ac Acres 0.405 hectares ha mi² square miles 2.59 square kilometers km² Volume (volumes greater than 1,000L shall be shown in m³) fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft³ cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m³ yd³ cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m³ Mass oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short tons (2,000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or “metric ton”) Mg (or “t”) Temperature (exact degrees) °F Fahrenheit 5(F-32)/9 or (F-32)/1.8 Celsius °C Illumination fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m² cd/m² Force and Pressure or Stress lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N lbf/in² poundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa Approximate Conversions from SI Units Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol Length mm millimeters 0.039 inches in m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi Area mm² square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in² m² square meters 10.764 square feet ft² m² square meters 1.195 square yards yd² Ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km² square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi² Volume mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m³ cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft³ m³ cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd³ Mass g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb Mg (or “t”) megagrams (or “metric ton”) 1.103 short tons (2,000 lb) T Temperature (exact degrees) °C Celsius 1.8c+32 Fahrenheit °F Illumination lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m² candela/m² 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl Force and Pressure or Stress N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in² * SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. (Revised March 2003, Section 508-accessible version September 2009.) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................................................xv 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND.........................................................................1 1.1 OPERATIONS SUMMARY .........................................................................................2 1.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK .................................................................................3 1.2.1 Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance................................................................ 4 1.2.2 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ............................................. 4 1.2.3 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration ................................................... 5 1.2.4 National Transportation Safety Board .............................................................. 6 1.2.5 States ................................................................................................................. 7 1.2.6 Enforcement ...................................................................................................... 7 1.3 FIRE RISK MEASURES AND CAUSAL FACTORS .................................................7 1.3.1 Frequency .......................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 Severity ............................................................................................................. 8 1.3.3 Ignition Sources ................................................................................................ 8 1.3.4 Combustible Materials ...................................................................................... 8 1.3.5 Unintentional Factors ........................................................................................ 9 1.4 KNOWN COUNTERMEASURES ...............................................................................9 1.4.1 Fire Safety Practices ......................................................................................... 9 1.4.2 Industry Associations and Standards .............................................................