AMHERST COLLEGE ARCHIVES AND SPECIAL COLLECTIONS Willard L. (AC 1920) and Clarice Brows Thorp Papers 1857-1994 (bulk 1920-1967) Abstract: Willard Long Thorp (1899-1992; AC 1920) was a pioneer statistician, economist, domestic and foreign policy advisor, international development expert, and private business consultant. Thorp’s papers document the role of a key U.S. government figure during periods marked by political and economic turbulence. As Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs from 1946-1952, he played a critical role in the design and implementation of the Marshall Plan and of the Truman administration’s Point IV program of international aid. He also held a number of United Nations appointments and was Director of the Merrill Center for Economics. Thorp also taught Economics at Amherst College. The collection documents all of these activities and many more. It also partially documents his partnership with Clarice Brows Thorp (1912- 2003) and her career as a lawyer and civil rights advocate prior to their marriage in 1947. Quantity: 80 linear feet Containers: 64 records storage boxes 8 archives boxes 3 small flat boxes 6 file boxes 5 oversize boxes 4 framed items Processed: September 2011–January 2012 Funding: Processing was supported by a grant from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, 2010-2011. By: Eileen M. Crosby, Project Archivist Finding Aid: 2011-2012 Prepared by: Eileen M. Crosby; Blake Spitz Edited by: Peter A. Nelson, Archivist Willard L. and Clarice Brows Thorp Papers Listed by: Eileen M. Crosby; Blake Spitz, Simmons College Intern; also, Maria Kirigin (AC 2014), Joseph Taff (AC 2013), and Lauren Delapenha (AC 2014), Student Assistants Terms of Access and Use: Restrictions on Access: There is no restriction on access to the Willard L. Clarice Brows Thorp Papers for research use with the exception of restrictions to protect the privacy of third parties. Particularly fragile items may also be restricted for preservation purposes. Restrictions on Use: Requests for permission to publish material from the Willard L. and Clarice Brows Thorp Papers should be directed to Amherst College Archives and Special Collections. It is the responsibility of the researcher to identify and satisfy the holders of all copyrights. © 2012 Amherst College Archives and Special Collections Page 2 Willard L. and Clarice Brows Thorp Papers INTRODUCTION Historical and Biographical Note Willard Thorp was born in Oswego, New York in 1899. He was the son of Charles Nicholas Thorp (a Congregational minister) and Susan Long Thorp. Thorp spent his early life in Oswego, Chelsea, Massachusetts, and Duluth, Minnesota. He entered Amherst College in 1916. After an interruption to serve as second lieutenant in the U.S. Army in 1918 (in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), he graduated from Amherst in 1920. Thorp then taught economics at the University of Michigan while obtaining his master’s degree in that field. Upon completion of his degree (1921), he became an instructor at Amherst College, noting later that he ended up teaching men who had been his fellow students in 1920. Between 1922 and 1924 he completed the doctoral program in economics at Columbia University and then joined the research staff at the National Bureau of Economic Research. In 1927, he became one of the youngest—perhaps the youngest—tenured professor in the United States when he rejoined the Economics Department at Amherst College. In 1933, Thorp began his long and varied career as a government servant. Appointed by Franklin Delano Roosevelt in August, 1933, as Director of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Thorp served in this capacity until May, 1934, when his nomination to that post was blocked in the Senate for political reasons. In spite of this disappointment, Thorp continued to play a role in the Roosevelt administration’s program of economic recovery from the Great Depression. Between 1933 and 1938, he served with and was consultant to a number of federal agencies and boards, including the Federal Alcohol Control Administration, the National Recovery Administration, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the National Emergency Council. In 1935, he also became Director of Economic Research at Dunn and Bradstreet and was the founding editor of Dunn’s Review. While at Dunn and Bradstreet, he became an advisor to the U.S. Secretary of Commerce, Harry Hopkins, and represented the Commerce Department on the Temporary National Economic Committee. From 1940-1945, he was tapped by the Federal court to help oversee the reorganization of the bankrupt Associated Gas Electric System. Federal authorities were anxious to avoid a complete breakdown of the sprawling, 26,000- employee system. In 1945, Thorp was appointed Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs. In 1946, while still serving as the Chairman of the Board of the newly- reorganized General Public Utilities (formerly Associated Gas and Electric), Thorp was promoted to Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs and became deeply involved in negotiating U.S. economic policy in postwar Europe. He served in this post until 1952. Thorp was a member of the U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Treaty Conference (1946) and an advisor at the New York meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers the same year. He represented the U.S. on the United Nations Economic and Social Council (1947-1950) and at negotiations of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (1950-1952). A primary focus of his work was the development, promotion, and implementation of the Marshall Plan, a massive program of economic assistance initiated by the U.S. State Department in 1947 to facilitate the economic recovery of Western Europe and to strengthen European capitalist democracies. In 1949, Thorp © 2012 Amherst College Archives and Special Collections Page 3 Willard L. and Clarice Brows Thorp Papers also became responsible for development of the Point IV program of technical assistance to industrially underdeveloped countries. Thorp appears to have performed his very public duties with aplomb. His appearance was so relaxed that he was sometimes perceived as approaching critical issues “too casually.” A 1949 sketch of Thorp in the United Nations World countered this impression by summarizing the view of an unnamed Thorp colleague: Thorp’s “air of seeming relaxation is deceptive,… he has a mind of steel-spring tension which makes him one of the most brilliant and effective performers in public life, here and abroad" (May 1949: 54). Thorp left government service in 1952 and returned to the Economics Department at Amherst College. Although involved in teaching, Thorp almost immediately embraced a new role as Director of the Merrill Center for Economics. Sponsored by Amherst College and located at the former estate of Charles Edward Merrill (AC 1908) in Southampton, New York, the Merrill Center’s summer sessions brought economists, policy-makers, and business executives from the U.S. and abroad to discuss economic issues in a relaxed setting. During this time, Thorp was also serving on the Amherst College Board of Trustees (1942-1955) and in 1957 he served for a number of weeks as interim president of the college. In addition, he served on the Board of Trustees of Brandeis University from 1956-1962. In 1960, Thorp was asked by the United Nations to conduct an economic survey of the newly- independent Republic of Cyprus, and, in 1961, President John F. Kennedy asked him to head the President’s Special Study Mission to Bolivia. The Merrill Center had in the meantime ceased operations. Following on these assignments, Kennedy appointed Thorp Chair of the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). After repeatedly requesting relief from his teaching duties at Amherst, he retired from teaching in 1965 and continued his work as Chair of the Development Assistance Committee for another two years. He continued to pursue numerous professional and policy- related activities into the 1970s. During his career, Thorp also authored a number of books and articles on economic topics. From 1956 to the early 1960s, Thorp’s experience with anti-trust law led to his work as an expert consultant on several high-profile cases involving alleged price-fixing and price gouging by oil companies and electrical equipment manufacturers. During his retirement, Thorp served for several years on the Pelham (Mass.) Finance Committee and as Town Treasurer. In 1947, Thorp married Clarice F. Brows, who had been a staff attorney with Associated Gas and Electric. After their marriage, Clarice Brows Thorp became his assistant and accompanied him on most of his foreign assignments. Thorp was previously married to Hildegarde Ellen Churchill, with whom he raised three children. Willard Thorp died in 1992. © 2012 Amherst College Archives and Special Collections Page 4 Willard L. and Clarice Brows Thorp Papers Willard L. Thorp: Chronology 1899 May 24 Born in Oswego, NY ca. 1905-1915 Schooling in Duluth, MN; Chelsea, MA 1916 Enrolled at Amherst College 1918 Jul - Dec Served as second lieutenant in World War I (stationed in Pittsburgh, PA) 1920 Bachelor’s degree from Amherst College 1921 Master’s degree in economics from the University of Michigan (Thesis: “Correlation and the Price of Coal”); Instructor in Economics 1921-1922 Instructor in Economics at Amherst College 1923 Joined research staff of the National Bureau of Economic Research 1924 Completed doctorate in economics from Columbia University (Dissertation: “The Integration of Industrial Operation”) 1925 Chief Statistician for the New York State Board of Housing 1926 Published Business Annals 1926-1934 Professor of Economics at Amherst College; in 1927, reported to have become youngest tenured professor in U.S. 1928-1929 Lecturer, Mount Holyoke College 1932-1935 Visiting Examiner, Swarthmore College 1933 Director, Wellesley Summer Institute ca 1933-1934 Served on six-member committee that created the Reciprocal Trade Act 1933-1934 Director, U.S.