University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk 04 University of Plymouth Research Theses 01 Research Theses Main Collection 2015 The Legal Regimes Governing Marine Renewable Energy in England and Wales Hamlyn, Victoria Jane http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3545 Plymouth University All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. Copyright Statement This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author's prior consent. The Legal Regimes Governing Marine Renewable Energy Development in England and Wales by Victoria Jane Hamlyn A thesis submitted to Plymouth University in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2015 Abstract Name: Victoria Jane Hamlyn Thesis title: The Legal Regimes Governing Marine Renewable Energy in England and Wales This thesis involves an examination of the main international, regional and national legal regimes regulating marine renewable energy in England and Wales. Deriving from a complex patchwork of law and policy, developments have ensued in the absence of a distinct governing ‘legal regime’ and within a number of competing paradigms. This original synthesis attempts to identify lacunae, conflicts and connections within and between the span of legal genres that MRE evokes. Against a backdrop of climate change mitigation, the key findings show that despite the presence of political will for offshore renewable energies, MRE development faces a number of legal obstacles, all of which seek to protect other important public and private interests. Although predominantly satisfactory at the international level (international law of the sea), national private property rights, environmental protection laws and regulatory development controls each encompass particular legal incongruities that have the potential to act as barricades to development. This thesis discusses these issues and reaches conclusions as to potential areas for reform. i Contents Page Number Abstract p. i Table of English (and Scottish) case law p. iii Table of European Union case law p. vii Table of international case law p. viii Table of United Kingdom legislation p. ix Table of European Union legislation p. xiii Table of international legislation p. xiv Acknowledgements p. xvi Author’s declaration and word count p. xvii Introduction: The Purpose, Scope and p. 1 Challenges of the Research Chapter One: The Context of Marine Renewable p. 13 Energy Development Chapter Two: The United Kingdom’s Maritime Jurisdiction p. 47 under Public International Law and Property Rights under English Law: the Interface with Marine Renewable Energy Development Chapter Three: Environmental Law and p. 152 Marine Renewable Energy Development Chapter Four: Regulatory Control of p. 267 Marine Renewable Energy Development Conclusions p. 327 Bibliography p. 331 ii Table of English case law Anderson v Alnwick District Council [1993] 3 All ER 613 Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 Attorney General of Southern Nigeria v John Holt & Co. (Liverpool) Ltd. [1915] AC 599 Attorney General v Chambers (1854) 4 De Gex MEG 206 Attorney General v Emerson [1891] AC 649 Attorney General v McCarthy [1911] 2 IR Attorney General v Reeve (1885) 1 Times Law Reports 675 Attorney General v Sir Henry Constable (1601) 5 Co. Rep. 106a Attorney General v Sir John Constable (1575) 1 And. 86 Batchelor v Marlow [2003] 1 WLR 764 Baxendale v Instow Parish Council [1982] Ch 14 20 Baxter v Camden LBC (No 2) [1999] 3 WLR 939 Bernstein v Skyviews [1978] QB 479 Bocardo SA v Star Energy (2010) UKSC 35 Borman v Griffith [1930] 1 Ch 493 Brighton and Hove Gas Co. v Hove Bungalows Ltd. [1924] 1 Chancery 372 Cambridge Water Co. Ltd v Eastern Counties Leather [1994] 1 All ER 53 Cameron v Boggiano [2012] EWCA Civ 157 Carlisle Corporation v Graham (1869) LR 4 Exch 361 Case of Mines (1567) 1 Plowd 310 Celsteel Ltd v Alton House Ltd [1985] 1 WLR 204 Copeland v Greenhalf [1952] Ch 488 Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1983] UKHL 6 Coventry v Lawrence [2014] UKSC 13 Dalton v Angus & Co (1881) 6 App Cas 740 Downs v Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs [2009] EWCA Civ 664 Drake v Fripp [2011] EWCA Civ 1279 Duffy v Lamb (1997) 75 P&CR 364 Duke of Devonshire v Hodnett (1827) 1 Hud & B 322 iii Elitestone v Morris [1997] 1 WLR 687 Elwes v Brigg Gas Co (1886) 33 Ch D 562 Entick v Carrington (1765) EWHC KB J98 Esso v Southport Corporation [1956] 3 WLR 200 Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services and Others [2003] 1 AC 32 Fayrewood Fish Farms v Secretary of State for the Environment [1984] JPL 267. Fowley Marine (Emsworth) Ltd v Gafford [1968] 2 QB 618 Gifford v Lord Yarborough (1828) 5 Bing 163 Gunn v Wallsend Slipway and Engineering Co Ltd (1989) Times 23rd January Hair v Gillman (2000) 80 P&CR 108 Halsey v Esso Petroleum Co Ltd [1961] 1 WLR 683 Hamilton v Attorney General (1880) 5 LR 555 Holbeck Hall Hotel Ltd v Scarborough BC [2000] QB 836 Ireland v UK (MOX Plant case) (2002) 41 ILM 405 Jackson v Mulvaney [2003] 1 WLR 360 Jelbert v Davis [1968] 1 WLR 589 Johnson v Barrett (1646) Aleyn 10, 11; Davis 55, 56. Jones v Cleanthi [2006] EWCA Civ 1712 Jones v Llanwrst Urban District Council [1911] 1 Ch 393 Jones v Pritchard [1908] 1 Ch 630 Keefe v Amor [1965] 1 Q.B. 334 at 347 per Russell L.J Kingston-Upon-Hill Corporation v Horner (1774) 1 Cowp 102 Lace v Chantler [1944] KB 368 Lawrence v Kempsey Chire Council (1995) 6 BPR 14111 at 14115 Le Strange v Rowe (1866) 4 F & F 1048 Leigh v Taylor [1902] AC 157 London & Blenheim Estates Ltd v Ladbroke Retail Parks Ltd [1993] 4 All ER 157 Lonsdale (Earl) v Attorney General [1982] 1 WLR 887 Lowe v Govett (1832) 110 ER 317 McDonald v Associated Fuels Ltd [1954] 3 DLR 775 Mellor v Walmesley [1905] 2 Ch 164 Miller v Emcer Products [1956] 1 All ER 237 iv Moncrieff v Jamieson [2007] 1 WLR 2620 Monsanto v Tilly [2000] Env LR 313 Nickerson v Barraclough [1980] Ch 325 Parochial Church Council of the Parish of Aston Cantlow and Wilmcote with Billesley, Warwickshire v Wallbank [2003] UKHL 37 Prest v Secretary of State for Wales (1982) 81 LGR 193 Prudential Assurance v London Residuary Body [1991] UKHL 10 Pugh v Howells (1985) 48 P & CR 298 R (Gilbert) v Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government [2014] EWHC 1952 R (on the application of Catt) v Brighton and Hove City Council [2007] EWCA Civ 298 R (on the application of Loader) v Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government [2012] EWCA Civ 869 R v Clarke [1963] 3 All ER 884 R v Goldstein [2005] UKHL 63 R v John Hampden (1637) 3 Cobbett’s State Trials 825 R v Keyn (1876) 2 Exchequer Division 63 R v Lord Yarborough (1824) 3 B & C 91 R v Secretary of State for Home Department, ex p Brind [1990] 1 All ER 469 R v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry ex p Duddridge and Others [1995] Env LR 151 R v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, Ex p Greenpeace (No 2) [2000] Env LR 221 Rance v Elvin (1985) 50 P&CR 9 Re Alston’s Estate (1856) 29 LTOS 337 Re Bass’s Application (1973) 26 P&CR 156 Re Ellenborough Park [1956] Ch 131 Re Hull and Selby Railway Company (1839) 5 M and W 327; 151 All ER 139 Re Martin’s Application (1988) 57 P&CR 119 Rosling v Pinnegar (1986) 54 P & CR 124 Royal Piscarie de la Banne (1610) Rylands v Fletcher [1868] UKHL 1 Scratton v Brown (1825) 4 B and C 485 Shelfer v City of London Electric Light Co. [1895] 1 Ch 287 v Street v Mountford [1985] UKHL 4 Tehidy Minerals v. Norman [1971] 2 All ER 475 The Cornish Foreshore Case (1854-58) The Solicitor to the Duchy of Cornwall v Canning (1880) 5 PD 114 Tracey Elliott v Earl of Morley (1907) 51 Solicitors’ Journal 625 Transco Plc v Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council [2002] 1 All ER 589 TSB v Botham [1995] EGCS 3 Virdi v Chana [2008] EWHC 2901 Walsingham’s Case (1573) 2 Plowden 547 Welden v Bridgwater (1595) Cro Eliz 421. West v Sharp (2000) 79 P & CR 327 Wheeldon v Burrows (1879) 12 ChD 31 Wong v Beaumont Property Trust Ltd [1964] 2 All ER 119 Wright v McAdam [1949] 2 KB 744 Yarmouth Corporation v Simmonds (1878) 10 Ch 518 vi Table of European Union case law Alpharma Inc v Council of the European Union, T70/99 Angelopharm GmbH v Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, C-212/91 Commission of the European Communities v Artegodan GmbH, C39/03 Commission v France, C-1201/07 Commission v France, Case C-304/02 Commission v Hellenic Republic, Case C-244/11 Commission v Ireland, Case C-427/07 Commission v Spain, Case C-404/09 Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy, Cases C-6/90 and C-9/90 Pfizer Animal Health v EC Council, Case T 13/99 Pubblico Ministero v Tullio Ratti, Case 148/78 R v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Ex p.