Good Morning! MCS1450/ BMS1301 Introduction to Broadcasting Ulrich Werner History of TV History of TV • A way to scan images, encode an image into tiny electrical signals, able to be received and reassembled • Philo Farnsworth: Age 16, conceptualized the “image dissector,” patented in 1930, the first television • Vladimir Zworykin: by 1928 developed a working camera tube -- iconoscope • First demo of working TV: 1939 World’s Fair (RCA, with Zworykin’s help and Farnsworth’s patent made it happen) 1939 TV Set by RCA Victor, 5” screen https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHccDOiriac 1956 RCA Victor TV Commercial https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LYUbstVpzf0 History of TV • Initial public response was weak, sets were expensive, and not many programs to watch • Early TV actors had to wear green makeup to look normal for TV and swallow salt tablets to prevent sweating under the hot camera lights • WW2 interrupted TVs development History of TV • Post War: technology utilized during WW2 spurred TV development, regarding reception and working conditions for the performers • New TV cameras required less light, TV screens were bigger, more programs, the beginnings of networks • After the war, assembly lines used for war materials, began making televisions History of TV • 1945: 8 TV stations, 8,000 homes with TV in the US • 1955: 100 stations, 35 million households with TV • By 1948, television was on its way into the mainstream TV Freeze • TV growth was phenomenal; manufacturers could barely keep up with demand, many TV stations popping up all over the country • FCC declared a freeze on new applications in 1950-1952 • 1952: Sixth Report and Order TV’s Sixth Report and Order • A table of channel assignments was constructed, structuring the provision of TV service to all parts of the US • FCC opens up new channels on the UHF band (Ultra High Frequency, channels 14-69) • VHF: Very High Frequency (channels 2-13) • Set standards regarding color TV • 242 channels were set aside for noncommercial TV stations Radio's Adjustment to TV TV had four main effects on radio 1.Mass market advertising shifted to TV, resulting in major revenue loss; big stars migrated to TV; would take radio nearly 30 years to recover 2.Radio returned to serving specialized audiences: formats, local programming, DJs, recorded music 3.Radio became close with the record industry; helped to sell records 4.Radio was forced to become dependent on local revenue, redefining its revenue base TV in the 1950s • Early TV industry was modeled after radio; local stations served their communities, and might be affiliated with networks • 4 TV networks during this period: NBC, CBS, ABC and DuMont • Golden Age of Television • Popular shows: I Love Lucy, The Today Show, 21, Gunsmoke Example: I love Lucy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NPzLBSBzPI Technology • Slow, but steady growth of cable (10% of homes in 1974) • UHF got a boost from cable systems • Satellites become more important to TV The beginnings of Cable • Introduced in the early 1950s • Solved a problem: people who lived in mountainous areas couldn’t receive traditional, over-the-air, TV signals • They put an antennae on top of a tall peak, and ran a wire to homes in the valley • This was called Community Antenna TV (CATV) 1963-1975 • By the end of the 1950's, 95% of American households had a TV • Public Broadcasting Act of 1967: established the Public Broadcasting System (PBS) • After debate on the effects of cigarette smoking, in 1971 cigarette ads were prohibited on TV • PTAR: Prime Time Access Rule was meant to encourage local programming (1970); gave the 7:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m. slot back to local stations to program themselves: encouraged the growth of syndicated programming Programming 1963‐1975 • Rural comedies/fantastical comedies: The Beverly Hillbillies, Green Acres, Bewitched, My Favorite Martian, My Mother the Car • Law-and-order programs; The FBI, Charlie’s Angels and Mannix. • Adult situation comedies (the sitcom): All In The Family, M*A*S*H, Dallas, Dynasty The Beverly Hillbillies https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YD22a4APsCg Mannix https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLTb3_-pdU4 Dallas https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1iYjgMygIag 1975-1999 • New technologies emerge that compete with TV • Increased competition from cable and satellite • Changes in the business and economic climate • Premium channels (HBO) and superstations (TBS) attract viewers away from networks • VCRs offer viewing alternatives, later the Internet and DVDs are a source of competition for TV • The Fox network debuted in 1987 1980s – 2000s Trends • Major Mergers: Walt Disney buys ABC, Westinghouse buys CBS • By 2000, 68% of people use cable • 80’s: The Cosby Show, Family Ties • 90’s: prime-time news magazines, 20/20, 60 Minutes • 2000’s: Reality TV, Survivor, Jersey Shore, The Bachelor Telecommunications Act of 1996 Telecommunications Act of 1996: • allowed telephone companies to offer TV service, • eased limits on TV and radio station ownership, • allowed TV stations to own cable systems, • v-chip regulation New technology/issues: • TVRO & DBS satellite: TV Receive Only (backyard satellite dishes), 1970‐80s – received free broadcasts until companies started scrambling signals and required a subscription to unscramble. Direct broadcast satellite, 1990s, smaller dishes • Electronic News Gathering: revolutionized TV coverage; using portable cameras and tape recorders, reporters no longer had to wait for film to develop; allowed live coverage of breaking news • Mobile Media: Cell phone content, iPod & iPhone content. iTunes store rents & sells movies, TV shows, music, other video content. YouTube integrated to smartphones. • Streaming Media Radio in the video age • Since 1960, FM radio continued to grow, especially in music programming, while AM remained the home of talk and sports formats • Syndication: send national programming to local affiliates • Formats: specialized programming to serve a segmented audience, i.e., country music, talk, sports • Consolidation: many stations owned by one company; Telecommunications Act of 1996 allowed this Broadcasting in the 21st Century • HDTV: 60 Million homes by 2009, higher quality picture and sound. Requires a special TV and special signal • HD Radio: digital translation of analog frequencies. Allows for superior sound quality, and the segmenting of frequencies (more stations) • Mobile Media • Internet: Internet radio stations, Pandora, YouTube, Hulu – big changes in distribution for traditional media – i.e. Netflix • Convergence: where/when/how all media meets. And now, let’s talk about your second assignment. In a group of 2 students of different nationality. “History and development of broadcasting, including the influence of broadcasting media in the democratic society.” Course description in the curriculum. What is a democratic society, and which preconditions must be met to become one? Teams of two from a different country. Due: Thursday, 12.01.2017, 09.00 hrs In a professional format, printed, please..