A Chronology of the Civil Ríg,hts Movement in the Deep South, 1955-68 THE MONTGOMERY December l, 1955-Mrs. Rosa L. Parks is BUS BOYCOTT arrested for violating the bus-segregation ordinance in Montgomery, Alabama. December 5, 1955-The Montgomery Bus Boycott begins, and Rev. Martin.Luther King, Jr., 26, is elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association. December 21, lgsG-Montgomery's buses are integrated, and the Montgomery Im- provement Association calls off its boy- cott after 381 days. January l0-l l, 1957-The Southern Chris- tian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is founded, with Dr. King as president. THE STUDENT February l, 1960-Four black students sit SIT-INS in at the Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C., starting a wavg of stu- dent protest that sweeps the Deep South. April 15, 1960-The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) is found- ed at Shaw University in Raleigh, N.C. October l9¿7, 1960-Dr. King is jailed during a sit-in at Rich's Department Store in Atlanta and subsequently transferred to a maximum security prison' Democratic presidential nominee John F. Kennedy telephones Mrs. King to express his con- cern dogs, fire hoses, and mass arrests that fill the jails. THE FREEDOM May 4,1961-The Freedom Riders, led by RIDES James Farmer of the Congress of Racial May 10, 1963-Dr. King and Rev. Fred L. Equality (CORE), leave Washington, Shuttlesworth announce that Birming- D.C., by bus. ham's white leaders have agreed to a de- segregation plan. That night King's motel May 14,196l-A white mob burns a Free- is bombed, and blacks riot until dawn. dom Rider bus outside Anniston, Ala. Riders aboard a second bus are beaten by June 11, 1963-Alabama Gov. George Klansmen in Birmingham. Wallace stages his "Stand in the School- house Door" in an unsuccessful effort to May 20, l96l-Freedom Riders are beat- block integration of the University of Ala- en at the Montgomery terminal. Whites bama. riot outside a church where Dr. King, Farmer, and the Riders are meeting. June 12, 1963-NAACP leader Medgar Evers is shot to death at his home in Jack- May 21, l96l-The Freedom Riders leave son, Mississippi. Montgomery under National Guard pro- tection and are imprisoned immediately September 15, 1963-Four black children upon arriving in Jackson, Mississippi. die in the bombing of Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham. October l, 1962-James Meredith be- comes the first black man to attend class at the University of Mississippi. FREEDOM June, l9ó4-Freedom Summer begins as SUMMER hundreds of volunteers arrive in Missis- THE BTRMINGHAM April 3, 1963-SCLC launches project sippi to work in the Mississippi Summer CORE, DEMONSTRATIONS "C" (for confrontation) to protest segre- Project organized by SNCC, gation of lunch counters and rest rooms in SCLC, and NAACP. downtown Birmingham. July 2, 1964-hesident LYndon B. April 12, 1963-Dr. King arrested on Johnson signs the 1964 Civil Rights Act Good Friday for defying a state court's in- outlawing segregation in public accommo- junction against protest marches. While dations. confined over Easter weekend, he writes the "Letter from Birmingham Jail. " August 4, 1964-After a six-week search, the bodies of three missing Summer Proj- May 2-7, 1963-SCLC organizes the ect workers are found buried under an "children's crusade," recruiting elemen- earthen dam near Philadelphia, Mis- tary and high school students for its sissippi. marches. Police Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor retaliates with police December 10, 1964-Dr. King receives the Nobel Peace Prize. THE SELMA March 7, 1965-"Bloody Sunday." Ala- MARCH bama troopers and Dallas County deputies beat and gas voting-rights marchers in Selma. March l-5, 196-5-In his "We Shall Over- come" speech, President Johnson responds to the events in Selma by an- oF CoNTENTS nouncing that he is submitting a Voting Tesrn Rights Bill to Congress. March 2l-25, t965-Dr. King leads marchers fronr Selma to Montgomery. Af- ter the march, Mrs. Viola Liuzzo, a marcher from Detroit, is shot to death by INTRODUCTTON nightriders. ' pnEu,tog August 6, 196-5-President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act. James Farmer 127 April 4, 1968-Dr. King is shor to death in Memphis, Tennessee. BOOKONE I I'I{EBECINNING Montgomery,l95S E. D. Nixon/37 Rosa L. Parks/40 E. D. Nixon/43 Bayard Rustin/52 Yancey Martin/58 T. M. Alexander' Sr./62 JosePh E. LowerY/66 INTERLUDE IohnLewisl71 il BLACK SURPRISE The Student Sít-Ins and the Birth ol SNCC Franklin Mccain/75 Julian Bond and Lonnie King/83 John calhoun/94 John Lewis/97 Julian Bond/l0l Connie Curry/103 M FREEDOM RIDERS V MISSISSIPPI HankThomas/l James Farmer/109 l3 John Lewis/l l7 SNCC and the Home-Grown Heroes James Farmerlll2 Amzie Moore/233 Lawrence Guyot/ 238 Charles Cobbl244 INTERLUDE Fannie LouHameilZ49 lvanhoeDonaldson/256 HartmanTurnbow/260 Julian B'ondl267 Lawrence Guyot/268 Ruby Hurley/27| Ruby HurleylI3l Dave Dennis/273 Mary Dora Jones/279 Harry Bowie/282 N ALABAMA Marion Banyl284 LawrenceGuyot/286' The Battleground State INTERLUDE Part One: Bírmíngham Dick Gregoryl29| Ed Gardner/139 Andrew Marrisett/146 Abraham Wood/t50 Fred L. Shuttlesworth/154 Sid Smyer/162 BÕOKTWO Ben Allen and Glen V. Evans/l67 Chuck Morgan/1?9 Chris McNair/l84 , I THE DOWN.HOMERESISTANCE partTwo: Selma Robert Patterson/297 John Patterson/304 Sol Tepper/3 I 2 Albert Turner/187 Willle Boldenllg0 Albert Turner/|94 Bobby Shelton/316 J. B. Stoner/32l Wilson Bakeilllî Sheyann Webb/204 John Lewis/206 Wítlie Botden/209 Sheyann Webbl2l t il HIGHER EDUCATION John Lewisl2t2 Juliân Bond/2t3 Wilson Baker/2t5 Autherine Lucy Foster/325 Ben Allen/328 Vivian Malone Jones/332 Memories of the March/2|6 joseph E.Lowery1222 Hamilton Holmes/334 Andrew Durganl22l ilI LAWYERS AND LAWMEN INTERLUDE NicholasKatzenbach/337 ElbertTuttle/343 ArthurShores/348 Tímothy Íenkins and Lonníe King/227 HerbertJenkins/352 EveretteLittle/3s5 LauriePritchett/361 IV REPORTERS EugenePatterson/367 RichardValeriani/371 TonyHefferman/373 rr¡/endell Hoffman/377 Claude Sitton/378 Neil MaxwelU3S2 NelsonBenton/38s rù/illiamBradford Huie/387 INTERLUDE Roy Harris and Myles Horton/39Í V ASSORTEDREBELS Nannie Washburn/40| Helen Bullard/4|O Charles R. Sims/4t6 W BLACKCAMELOT Andrew Young/425 Dorothy Cotton/432 Hosea Williams/435 Randolph Blackwell/446 rü/illie Bolden/451 Leon HalU453 J. T. Johnson/455 INTERLUDE Beniamin Mays and Martin Luther King, Sr,/459 RECESSIONÁL Ralp h Dav íd Ab e rnat hy /463.