Examining Paratextual Theory and its Applications in Digital Culture Nadine Desrochers Université de Montréal, Canada Daniel Apollon University of Bergen, Norway A volume in the Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology (AHSAT) Book Series Managing Director: Lindsay Johnston Production Editor: Christina Henning Development Editor: Austin DeMarco Acquisitions Editor: Kayla Wolfe Cover Design: Jason Mull Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.igi-global.com Copyright © 2014 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Examining paratextual theory and its applications in digital culture / Nadine Desrochers and Daniel Apollon, editors. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4666-6002-1 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-6003-8 (ebook) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-6005-2 (print & per- petual access) 1. Content analysis (Communication) 2. Digital media. 3. Paratext. 4. Authorship. 5. Genette, Gérard, 1930---Influence. I. Desrochers, Nadine, 1971- editor of compilation. II. Apollon, Daniel, 1951- editor of compilation. P93.E93 2014 401’.4--dc23 2014007795 This book is published in the IGI Global book series Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology (AHSAT) (ISSN: 2328-1316; eISSN: 2328-1324) British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. For electronic access to this publication, please contact: [email protected]. xxix Introduction CROSSING DIGITAL THRESHOLDS ON THE PARATEXTUAL TIGHTROPE Mostreaders,astheyencountertheselines,wouldagreethattheyarereadingtext.Thosefamiliarwith .theworksofFrenchtheoristGérardGenettemayaddthattheyare,infact,readingparatext AlthoughGenettehadintroducedtheconceptofparatextinPalimpsestes,publishedin1981,andin other,shorterworks,hisworkSeuils(“Thresholds”)istheseminaltextpertainingtothistheory.Since itspublicationin1987,followedbypartial(1991)andintegral(1997)translations,Genette’sparatextual theoryhasbeensummarizednumeroustimes.Inthepagesofthisbookalone,authorsfromvarious disciplineswillpresenttheirtakeontheframeworkandciteotherscholarsandthinkerswhohavedone thesame,therebyillustratingthemultiplicityofapproachessupportedbywhatappearstobe,atfirst .glance,arelativelystraightforwardproposition Letuslikewisesummarize,albeitbriefly.Thebasicpremiseisasfollows:inthepublishedbook,the text,thenarrative,thecoreofthework,doesnotstandalone.Infact,itcannot.Anassemblageofother elementsisrequiredto“makepresent”thetext,torenderitapprehensibletothereaderandsuitablefor both“reception”and“consumption”(Genette,1997,p.1).Fromtheoutset,Genettelistedthefollowing paratextualelements:“anauthor’sname,atitle,apreface,illustrations”(p.1);insodoing,heprovided commonplacereferences,establishingjusthowfamiliarwereadersalreadywerewiththeparatext,even .thoughithadnotyetbeentheorizedassuchpriortohiswork Webegin,then,withGenette’s(1997)basicdefinition:“Forus,accordingly,theparatextiswhat ...enablesatexttobecomeabookandtobeofferedassuchtoitsreadersandmoregenerally,tothepublic an‘undefinedzone’betweentheinsideandtheoutside”(pp.1–2).Togettothetext,thereadermust crossathreshold;inthebook,thatthresholdistheparatext.ItshouldbenotedherethatGenette,inthe ,textandinanaccompanyingfootnote,gavecredittootherthinkersandtheorists(Duchet,Compagnon .Lejeune)whoinspiredorusedthe“threshold,”“fringe,”or“zone”metaphors A subset of concepts is also essential for the reader’s understanding of paratextual theory. The paratext,inGenette’s(1997)framework,ispresentedintwodistinctcategories.Theperitextisthe paratextcontainedwithinthebook;itselementsareconstitutiveoftheobject.Examplesincludethe title,footnotes,epigraphs,tablesofcontent.Theepitextaccompaniesthetextfromadistance;Genette perceiveditastakingshapeinmediatedevents(suchasinterviewswiththeauthor)orthrough(1997) ”privatecommunication(letters,diaries,andothers)”(p.5).Whatensuescanbeseenasthe“E=mc2“ .(ofliterarystudies:“paratext=peritext+epitext”(p.5  xxx Theimpetusforthisbookliesinthefollowingquestion:whyisatheorythatissodeeplyanchored inbookcultureandaimedatexplainingthemechanismsoftheprintedworksoinexorablyappealingto scholarsanddesignersfromvariousdisciplinesandappliedtoawiderangeofobjectsthatseemingly ?sharesolittlewiththetraditionalcodex ?Ordothey Thisiswherecontext,theinevitablebackdroptohistorical,social,andtechnologicalshifts,makes .itsthunderingentrance Continuity and Disruption in Digital Culture Astexts,or,lessspecifically,“contents,”havebecomedigitalandincreasinglyborn-digitalordigital only,questionshavearisenaboutthenatureandimplicationsofwhatmayconvenientlybetermeda .doubletransitionalsituation,thatis,thetransitionoftextualandaudiovisualcontenttodigitalformats Thismostrecentpermutation,whichhasbeenreferredtoasthedigitalturn,shift,ageorera(notto mentionrevolution)followsthreeprevious,andcommonlyacknowledged,intellectualandtechnological revolutions:theshiftfromoralliteracytowriting,theinventionoftheprintingpress,andtheadoptionand distributionofpre-Internetmassmedia,dominatedbytelevision.Itisbothremarkableandchallenging thatthedigitaltransitionhastakenlittlemorethanthreedecades,averyshortintervalinthelonghistory ofhumanculture.Thisimpliesthatanyoneendeavoringtoexploreandinterprethowdigitalcontentis conceived,produced,accessedandreusedindigitalenvironmentsneedstotakeintoaccountthelackof historicaldistancefromthephenomenaobservedwhichmaycloudtheirintellectualobjectivitytowards .theobjectofstudy Thatsaid,beingimmersed,asbothusersandobservers,inthedigitalflowoftransientbitswhile tryingtomakesenseofhowmeaningisconstructedandtransmitteddoesnotnecessarilymeanbeing nearlysubmergedwhiledesperatelyhangingontoarunawayraft(toechoDoherty’s(2014)water-based analogies,discussedlaterinthistext).Indeed,thedigitalscientistenjoystherelativeprivilegeofbeing abletostudywithsomeserenityandin vivoaspectsofwhatmaywellconstitutearadicalrevolutionin ,thehistoryofthe“technologiesoftheintellect”tociteJackGoody’sneologism(seeGoody,1999,2000 n.d.).Goodyusestheexpression“technologiesoftheintellect”todefinethenatureofwritingandofthe literatemind,emphasizingthefundamentaldifferenceinmodesofrepresentationandsocialinteraction ,inpre-literate,oralculturesascomparedtoliteratecultures(seeGoody&Watt,1963).Surprisingly ”,Goodyhasnot,inhisabundantscientificproduction,definedthenotionof“technologiesoftheintellect somethingforwhichhehasoccasionallybeencriticized(Harris,2009,p.71).Wethink,however,that suchcriticismispartiallyunjustified.Goody’sreluctancetoofferpreciseelucidationsofthisexpression seemsfullypremeditated,sinceheusesitchieflyasarhetoricaltoolfirsttodrawattentiontowhathe considersconstitutesthenatureofthefundamentalepistemicinnovationassociatedwiththeadoption ofwriting—theliteratemindandliteracy—and,second,todrawalinefromthisepistemicinnovation .tocorrespondingpatternsofsocialinteraction BuildingonGoody’sprogramforexploringtheinnovativeimplicationsofliteracy,analystsofthe bewilderingvarietyofcontemporarydigitalinscriptionalpracticesshouldnotproceedasifmanwere imprisonedbytheconceptshehasproducedandhencefail[ed]toaccountforthegenerativeaspects“ ofhisculture”(Goody,1995,p.9).Inthiscontext,itiscrucialtonotethattheterm“generative”does notimplythattheadventofanewtechnology(e.g.,networkedinformationtechnologies)fullycancels orreplacesformerspeech-basedorgesturaltechnologiesandliteracies,northatthedigitalshift,more xxxi thantheprintrevolution(orforthatmattertheadventofthewrittenform)weretheresultofabrupt ,timewarpsinthehistoryofhumankind,apttorelegateformertoolsandfunctionstooblivion.Rather theecologyofnewtechnologiesoftheintellectmaybethoughtofasacomplex,potentiallymetastable (blendmixingcontinuousaspectsinheritedfrompastperiods(suchasdevices,functions,andtactics