CHURCH HISTORY LITERACY Lesson 43 St. Anselm of Canterbury How do we know God exists? Why did God become man? Why did Christ die on the cross, rather than God just decide to forgive man’s sins another way? What is it that makes sin so bad? These are questions that many of us ask at some point in our lives. St. Anselm of Canterbury also approached these same questions.1 Anselm was born in Aosta (very north western Italy) around 1033-4 and died (probably in Canterbury, England) on April 21, 1109. Anselm’s mother, Ermenberga, taught Anselm a love and respect for God at an early age. While young, Anselm had a dream one night that he ascended into heaven before the presence of God. While there, God had bread brought for young Anselm and then discussed in a kind and forthright manner Anselm’s life.2 Anselm’s mother died while Anselm was still young, and Anselm went into France to study. At age 15, Anselm wanted to enter a monastery, but he was refused entrance because the abbot feared angering 1 Anselm gets the whole name “St. Anselm of Canterbury” to distinguish him from other “Anselms” in Church History. There was also St. Anselm of Lucca (1036-1086), St. Anselm of Nonantola (d. 803), along with several other Anselms who do not carry the title “Saint.” There is a difference in the Catholic usage of the term “Saint” and the Protestant usage. Catholic usage refers to those individuals who, through an extraordinary life of piety and virtue have been recognized by the Church (“canonized”) as ascending to heaven (rather than spending time in Purgatory, and living in a close relationship before and with God. For Catholics, these saints are not to be worshipped in the sense that God alone is worshipped, but they are honored in a special way and sought as intercessors before God. Catholics also celebrate “All Saints Feast Day” on November 1 for the seemingly countless non-canonized saints that people know and love. Protestants use the term “saint” in its Biblical sense of those set apart for God, meaning all of the saved people. Passages like Philippians 1:1 where Paul writes “to all the saints in Christ Jesus at Philippi, together with [or “including” – New American Standard] the overseers and deacons:” indicates the usage of the term “saints” as a reference to all Christians (see also, Acts 9:13 referencing all the harm Saul/Paul had done “to your saints in Jerusalem;” Acts 9:32 “As Peter traveled about the country, he went to visit the saints in Lydda;” Rom. 1:7 “To all in Rome who are loved by God and called to be saints;” Rom. 8:27 “the Spirit intercedes for the saints in accordance with God’s will;” etc.) Some Protestants still recognize that certain people seem to exhibit extraordinary holiness, and might use the word “saint” to describe the person. But, that is not the usage in the formal Catholic sense. Protestant historians will often use the title as given by the Catholic church to certain historical figures both out of recognition of the title and as consistent with the Protestant approach which recognizes all Christians as saints. 2 Anselm’s biographer, Eadmer, records this and the other accounts of Anselm’s life in The Life of St. Anselm. Biblical-literacy.com © Copyright 2006 by W. Mark Lanier. Permission hereby granted to reprint this document in its entirety without change, with reference given, and not for financial profit. Anselm’s father, Gundulf. By all accounts, Gundulf was a harsh man with a violent temper. When Anselm was 27, his father’s temperament became so unbearable that Anselm left home, crossed the Alps, wondered about the countryside for a bit, and finally came to the newly formed Benedictine monastery at Bec (in Normandy, France).3 After living at the abbey for 3 years, Anselm was appointed Prior. Then in 1078, Anselm was elected abbot of the monastery. Under Anselm’s guiding hand, the monastery at Bec became, in some ways, the closest thing to a university that would be found in Europe for some time to come. Anselm was part of the process that propelled Bec into a scholastic seat of learning. Understandably, the community at Bec had great respect for Anselm and his teachings. They urged Anselm to put his thoughts into writing, and Anselm ultimately authored a number of books in both theology and philosophy.4 In March 1093, Anselm left Bec and took the position as archbishop of Canterbury in England. After a fight with the King of England (William II, son of William the Conqueror), Anselm left Canterbury and returned to continental Europe in 1097.5 During this time, Anselm wrote his book on the atonement of Christ (Cur Deus homo or “Why Did God become Man?”). While in France, Anselm got word that William II died in a hunting accident. The next king (Henry I) recalled Anselm to Canterbury. That lasted another two years before Anselm was exiled for refusing to take an oath of allegiance to the king. Finally in 1106, Anselm returned to his See at Canterbury where he remained the last three years of his life. 3 This abbey was formed only 29 years earlier. It was supported, in part, by William the Conqueror who became King of England during the Norman (as in “Normandy”) invasion in 1066 winning the famous battle of Hastings. The abbey drew its name, Bec, from the Danish word “bœk, meaning “brook.” The abbey was originally founded on the banks of the Bec. It was soon moved further up the valley. Since the French revolution, the abbey is in ruins. 4 Here, Anselm wrote his Monologion, Proslogion, The Dialogues on Truth, Free Will, and Fall of the Devil. 5 The church put Anselm forward at a council seeking to reconcile the Greek and Roman churches that had split in 1054 (see the crusade lesson). Anselm used logic to assert that the Holy Spirit did in fact proceed from the Son as well as the Father. This was one of the two major issues over which the church had split. 2 We study Anselm in Church History Literacy for several reasons. First, Anselm is rightly considered the first scholarly philosopher of Christian Theology. If Boethius (see lesson 35) was the last theological scholar before the dark ages, we see in Anselm, a reawakening beginning as the Renaissance starts to slowly unfold.6 We also study Anselm for what he had to say in two of his hallmark works, Proslogion (in English, the Discourse on the Existence of God”) and Cur Dues Homo (which we will refer to in its English sense of “Why God Became Man?”). These two works were seminal in the follow up studies of such brilliant churchmen as Thomas Aquinas and Martin Luther. As we look at these works of Anselm, we, like Aquinas and Luther, find a number of admirable things, along with a measure of things that seem less admirable! Because Anselm wrote the Discourse first, we will look at it and then consider Why God Became Man? Before we look at either, however, it is useful to note a certain approach Anselm used. Anselm was a student of the Bible, but many accord him the title of a scholastic father7 because he approached many of his studies on the basis of reason rather than scripture.8 For Anselm, scripture held the truths of God, but because they were truths, Anselm believed they could be discussed and discerned by reason as well as by appeal to scripture. In other words, because the truths of scripture were rationale, they could be understood and discussed apart from scripture in a rationale and reasoned manner. Some scholars seem a bit overly critical of Anselm for his usage of reasoning apart from scriptural citations. Anselm never set his reasoning above scripture. In fact, 6 Most scholars date the age of the renaissance from 1300-1500’s. Of course, there is no real clear event that sets out one day as the starting time. We see in Anselm, the first scholastic thinking that asks questions and gives answers that certainly foretell a coming renaissance in thinking that was around the corner. While Anselm is not himself considered a “renaissance scholar,” we can fairly say that he is one of the parents of the renaissance! 7 Burnell F. Eckardt, Jr. wrote of Anselm and Luther in his doctoral dissertation at Marquette University (Ph.D. in Historical Theology). His dissertation was published in book form as Anselm and Luther on the Atonement – Was it Necessary? (Mellen Research University Press 1992). Eckardt termed Anselm the “forerunner of the entire scholastic era.” His book is a wonderful resource for not only understanding the differences and commonalities of Anselm and Luther but also as a good analysis of Anselm’s writings on Why God Became Man. 8 Anselm is famed for his approach that was sola ratione. By that Latin phrase, we understand Anselm to use reason alone to prove his conclusions. This is in contrast to most Christian writers who use scripture to establish their positions and ultimate truths. If we were to look for a similar Christian writer in the last century that used reason in writing to prove conclusions, then one might consider C.S. Lewis and Mere Christianity. 3 he clearly pointed out, “For if I say something that unquestionably contradicts Sacred Scripture, I am certain that it is false.”9 DISCOURSE ON THE EXISTENCE OF GOD A stunning question asked in the later 1070’s was “how do we know God exists?” The time period was not one of great intellectual curiosity.