© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT3 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Developing Countries: © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OREgypt, DISTRIBUTION China, India,NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and South Africa © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CarolNOT Holtz FOR and SALE Ibrahim OR Elsawy DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ObjectivesNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION After completing this chapter, the reader will be able to: 1. Discuss family planning, infertility, abortion, and sterilization practices in Egypt, © Jones &China, BartlettIndia, Learning,and South Africa. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR2. Expl SALEain how OR communism DISTRIBUTION affects health and health care inNOT China. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3. Discuss women’s rights issues in South Africa. 4. Compare the health and healthcare systems of Egypt, China, India, and South Africa. © Jones & Bartlett INTRODUCTIONLearning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORThis DISTRIBUTION chapter addresses the health conditionsNOT of four FOR developing SALE countries: OR DISTRIBUTION Egypt, China, India, and South Africa. These countries were selected for examination because they differ in culture, economics, politics, geographic regions, and types of health care and health issues. EGYPT © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Background Egypt (the Arab Republic of Egypt) is located in the far northeastern part of the African con- tinent, bordered on the north by the Mediterranean Sea, on the east by the Red Sea, on the © Joneswest & by Bartlett Libya, on Learning,the south by Sudan,LLC and on the northeast by© the Jones Gaza Strip& Bartlett and Israel. Learning, Egypt LLC NOT FORis traversed SALE by OR the SuezDISTRIBUTION Canal, which is located between its AsianNOT and FOR African SALE territories. OR DISTRIBUTION 65 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284132830_CH03_065_110.indd 65 4/28/16 1:02 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION. 66 CHAPTER 3 Developing Countries: Egypt, China, India, and South Africa The country’s total land area is 1,002,450 square kilometers. Most of Egypt is located in Af- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC rica, but part of its land, the Sinai Peninsula, is located in Asia. The majority of its population of approximatelyNOT 83FOR million SALE people OR live DISTRIBUTION on the banks of the Nile River or on the NOTcoasts FORof the SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and the Suez Canal. The Nile River flows northward from Egypt from Sudan and into the Mediterranean Sea. The largest defined landmass within Egypt is the Sahara Desert, which is very sparsely populated. The largest cities include Cairo (the capi- © Jonestal), Alexandria, & Bartlett and Learning, other cities inLLC the Nile Delta. Ninety-eight© percent Jones of the& Bartlett Egyptian popula-Learning, LLC NOT tionFOR live SALE on just OR4% of DISTRIBUTION the country’s land (Arab Republic of Egypt,NOT 2010). FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Most of Egypt’s rainfall occurs during the winter months, with only 0.1 to 0.2 inches of pre- cipitation falling each year. Before the construction of the Aswan Dam, the Nile River flooded annually, producing good soil and good harvests in its floodplains. Arabic is the official lan- guage; English and French are the most commonly used foreign languages. The majority ethnic © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC groups are Egyptian, Bedouin Arab, and Nubian. Education is compulsory for children aged 6 NOT FOR SALE ORto 15 DISTRIBUTION years, and the literacy rate is 58% (AboutNOT Egypt, FOR 2010). SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Egypt has a distinguished cultural heritage, accumulated over the thousands of years of its history. Most of Egypt’s famous landmarks were built during the Pharaonic period, which in- cludes more than 50 pyramids and many temples located along the Nile. Each of the Egyptian successive civilizations© Jones &(Pharaonic, Bartlett Greco-Roman, Learning, LLC Coptic, and Islamic) contributed© Jones to the areas & Bartlett Learning, LLC of philosophy,NOT literature, FOR SALEand the ORarts. BecauseDISTRIBUTION of its long-held ties with Europe, NOTEgypt hasFOR been SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a cultural pioneer in the modern Arab world. In 2002, with the support of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the new Bibliotheca Alexandria was inaugurated. This world-recognized special historical site is located in Alexandria. The goal of the reconstruction of the ancient Library of Alexandria is to revive the legacy of this universal © Jonescenter & for Bartlett science and Learning, knowledge LLC (About Egypt, 2010). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOREgypt SALE has a OR legislative DISTRIBUTION body comprised of the House of RepresentativesNOT FOR andSALE the ShuraOR DISTRIBUTION Council, or Majilis al-Shura. The Shura Council is composed of at least 150 members, one-tenth of whom were appointed by the president (Saleh, 2013). The Egyptian population consists of 94% Muslims and 6% Christians. The two main Isl amic © Jones & Bartlettinstitutions Learning, in Egypt LLC are the oldest and the most© Jonesimportant & Islamic Bartlett institutions Learning, in the country: LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Al-Azhar, built by the Fatimids to spread the Shiite sect in North Africa. Later Salah El-Din converted it to Sunni University, which became one of the main pillars of Sunni Islam in the world. • Dar el Eftaa, founded in 1895 and headed by the Grand Mufti of Egypt. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC The CopticNOT Orthodox FOR SALE Church, OR one DISTRIBUTION of the oldest Christian churches in the world,NOT and FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the Roman Orthodox Church of the Arab Republic of Egypt are located in Alexandria (Arab Republic of Egypt, 2010). © JonesEconomy & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT TableFOR 3-1 SALE presents OR statistics DISTRIBUTION on Egypt’s current economy. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284132830_CH03_065_110.indd 66 4/28/16 1:02 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION. Egypt 67 TABLE 3 1© Egypt’s Jones Economy & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC GDP NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION $218.91 billionNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION GDP growth 5.2% per year Inflation, GDP deflator 10.1% per year Agriculture, value added 10% of GDP © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR Industry, SALE value addedOR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR 29% of SALE GDP OR DISTRIBUTION Services and other revenue sources, value added 61% of GDP Exports of goods and services 21% of GDP Imports of goods and services 28% of GDP © Jones & Bartlett Learning, Gross capital formation LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, 19% of GDP LLC NOT FOR SALE ORData DISTRIBUTION from The World Bank. (2010). Arab Republic of Egypt.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Health Table 3-2 ©presents Jones population & Bartlett health Learning, statistics for LLC Egypt. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Healthcare Systems The majority of Egyptians have access to health care for basic health services, managed by the Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP), the Health Insurance Organization (HIO), private health practitioners, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The HIO covers 45% of the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC population, and there is a growing and unregulated private healthcare sector. Pharmaceuticals NOT FORaccount SALE for nearly OR one-thirdDISTRIBUTION of all healthcare costs (WHO, 2011a).NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Communicable Diseases Within the last decade there has been a huge decline in deaths from communicable diseases in © Jones & Bartlett Egypt,Learning, largely dueLLC to the high rate of vaccinations© Jones for preventable & Bartlett diseases. Learning, Schistosomiasis LLC (a NOT FOR SALE ORparasitic DISTRIBUTION disease caused by flatworms), TB, malaria,NOT FOR and HIV, SALE as well OR as DISTRIBUTIONHepatitis A, B, and C remain the most serious infectious diseases today (WHO, 2011a). In addition, there is an in- creasing burden of antibiotic resistance. The incidence of TB in Egypt is 25 per 100,000 (2010 statistics). Of those in Egypt with TB, 16 to 40% are antibiotic resistant (Mohamoud, Mumtaz, Riome, Miller,© Jones & Abu-Raddad, & Bartlett 2013). Learning,