NEWS IN FOCUS cold atoms, which can form the basis of the qubits of information in quantum computers. He notes that he is free to publish in the open literature, and he has no problems with the NSA research facilities in physical sciences, telecommunications and languages that sit SEMANSKY/AP PATRICK on his campus. Monroe is sympathetic to the NSA’s need to track the develop­ment of quan- tum computers that could one day be used to crack codes beyond the ability of conventional machines. “I understand what’s in the news- papers,” he says, “but the NSA is funding seri- ous long-term fundamental research and I’m happy they’re doing it.” Dena Tsamitis, director of education, outreach and training at Carnegie Mellon University’s cybersecurity research centre in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, also wants to main- tain the relationship. She oversees visitors and recruiters from the NSA but her centre gets no direct funding. She says that her graduate stu- The National Security Agency is the largest employer of mathematicians in the United States. dents understand the NSA’s public surveillance to be “a policy decision, not a technology deci- SECURITY sion. Our students are most interested in the technology.” And the NSA, she says — echoing many other researchers — “has very interest- ing technology problems”. Researchers split The academics who are professionally uneasy with the NSA tend to lie on the applied end of the spectrum: they work on computer security and cryptography rather than pure over NSA hacking mathematics and basic physics. Matthew Green, a cryptographer at Johns Hopkins Uni- versity in Baltimore, Maryland, says that these Cryptographers condemn US National Security Agency’s researchers are unsettled in part because they tapping and tampering, but mathematicians shrug. are dependent on protocols developed by the US National Institute of Standards and Tech- nology (NIST) to govern most encrypted web BY ANN FINKBEINER is the United States’ largest maths employer, traffic. When it was revealed that the NSA had and Samuel Rankin, director of the Washing- inserted a ‘back door’ into the NIST standards he US National Security Agency (NSA) ton DC office of the American Mathemati- to allow snooping, some of them felt betrayed. has upset a great many people this year. cal Society, estimates that the agency hires “We certainly had Since June, newspapers have been 30–40 mathematicians every year. The NSA “I understand no idea that they Tusing documents leaked by former intelli- routinely holds job fairs on university cam- what’s in the were tampering with gence worker Edward Snowden to show how puses, and academic researchers can work at newspapers, products or stand- the secretive but powerful agency has spied on the agency on sabbaticals. In 2013, the agency’s but the NSA is ards,” says Green. He the communications of US citizens and foreign mathematical sciences programme offered funding serious is one of 47 technolo- governments. Last month, the media reported more than US$3.3 million in research grants. long-term gists who on 4 Octo- that the NSA, which is based in Fort Meade, Furthermore, the NSA has designated more fundamental ber sent a letter to the Maryland, had undermined Internet security than 150 colleges and universities as centres of research and I’m director of a group standards. The revelations have sparked inter- excellence, which qualifies students and faculty happy they’re created last month by national outrage at the highest levels — even members for extra support. It can also fund doing it.” US President Barack the president of Brazil cancelled a visit to the research indirectly through other agencies, and Obama to review United States because of the spying. so the total amount of support may be much NSA practices, protesting because the group Yet amid the uproar, NSA-supported math- higher. A leaked budget document says that does not include any independent technolo- ematicians and computer scientists have the NSA spends more than $400 million a year gists. remained mostly quiet, to the growing frus- on research and technology — although only Edward Felten, who studies computer secu- tration of others in similar fields. “Most have a fraction of this money might go to research rity at Princeton University in New Jersey, says never met a funding source they do not like,” outside the agency itself. that the NSA’s breach of security standards says Phillip Rogaway, a computer scientist at Many US researchers, especially those means that cryptographers will need to change the University of California, Davis, who has towards the basic-research end of the spec- what they call their threat model — the set of sworn not to accept NSA funding and is critical trum, are comfortable with the NSA’s need for assumptions about possible attacks to guard of other researchers’ silence. “And most of us their expertise. Christopher Monroe, a physi- against. Now the attacks might come from the have little sense of social responsibility.” cist at the University of Maryland in College home team. “There was a sense of certain lines Mathematicians and the NSA are certainly Park, is among them. He previously had an that NSA wouldn’t cross,” says Felten, “and now interdependent. The agency declares that it NSA grant for basic research on controlling we’re not so sure about that.” ■ 152 | NATURE | VOL 502 | 10 OCTOBER 2013 © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.