+HLVHQEHUJDQGWKHHDUO\GD\VRITXDQWXPPHFKDQLFV )HOL[%ORFK &LWDWLRQ3K\V7RGD\ GRL 9LHZRQOLQHKWWSG[GRLRUJ 9LHZ7DEOHRI&RQWHQWVKWWSZZZSK\VLFVWRGD\RUJUHVRXUFH3+72$'YL 3XEOLVKHGE\WKH$PHULFDQ,QVWLWXWHRI3K\VLFV $GGLWLRQDOUHVRXUFHVIRU3K\VLFV7RGD\ +RPHSDJHKWWSZZZSK\VLFVWRGD\RUJ ,QIRUPDWLRQKWWSZZZSK\VLFVWRGD\RUJDERXWBXV 'DLO\(GLWLRQKWWSZZZSK\VLFVWRGD\RUJGDLO\BHGLWLRQ Downloaded 08 Jan 2013 to 130.113.174.170. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://www.physicstoday.org/about_us/terms REMINISCENCES OF Heisenberg and the early days of quantum mechanics Recollections of the days, 50 years ago, when a handful of students in the "entirely useless" field of physics heard of a strange new mechanics invented by Maurice de Broglie, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrodinger. Felix Bloch It is appropriate in this year, when we could take, and there was nothing like the with firm authority by Debye, might have celebrate the 50th anniversary of quan- complete menu that is presented to the had an audience of as much as a couple of tum mechanics, and during which we have students nowadays. Once in a while, a dozen—on a good day. been saddened by the death of one of its professor would offer a special course on Physics was also taught at the Univer- leading founders, Werner Heisenberg, to a subject he just happened to be inter- sity of Zurich by a smaller and rather less reminisce about the formative years of the ested in, completely disregarding the illustrious faculty than that at the E. T. H. new mechanics. At the time when the tremendous gaps in our knowledge left by Theory there was in the hands of a certain foundations of physics were being re- this system. Anyway, there was only a Austrian of the name of Schrodinger, and placed with totally new concepts I was a handful of us foolish enough to study the colloquium was alternately held at student of physics. I sat in the collo- physics and it was evidently not thought both institutions. I apologize to my quium audience when Peter Debye made worthwhile to bother much about these friends who already have heard from me the suggestions to Erwin Schrodinger that "odd fellows." The only thing we could what I am going to tell you now. My ac- started him on the study of de Broglie do about it was to go to the library and count may not conform to the strictest waves and the search for their wave read some books, although nobody would standards of history, which accord valid- equation. It was from Heisenberg, as his advise us which ones to choose. ity only to written documents, nor will I first doctorate student, that I caught the Among the first I hit upon was Arnold be able to render the exact words I heard spirit of research, and that I received the Sommerfeld's Atomic Structure and on those occasions, but I can vouchsafe encouragement to make my own contri- Spectral Lines, which I found fascinating; that, in content, I shall report the truth butions. the only trouble was that I could not un- and only the truth. derstand most of it because I knew far too First inklings little of mechanics and electrodynamics. A wave equation is found Let me begin by going back to 1924, So at first I had to learn about these Once at the end of a colloquium I heard when I entered the Swiss Federal Insti- subjects from other books, to truly ap- Debye saying something like: "Schro- tute of Technology in my home town of preciate what Sommerfeld said; but then dinger, you are not working right now on Zurich. I began as a student of engi- it conveyed the good feeling that every- very important problems anyway. Why neering but after a year and good deal of thing about atoms was completely known don't you tell us some time about that soul searching I decided, against all good and understood. The fact that one really thesis of de Broglie, which seems to have sense, to switch over to the "entirely use- could handle only periodic systems and attracted some attention." less" field of physics. The E. T. H., as it only those that allowed a separation of So, in one of the next colloquia, Schro- is known from its German name, was an variables did not seem a great cause for dinger gave a beautifully clear account of institution of great international repute concern. Therefore, when I saw a paper how de Broglie associated a wave with a and in my newly chosen field of studies I in which somebody tried to squeeze the particle and how he could obtain the had heard of such famous men as Peter theory of the Compton Effect into that quantization rules of Niels Bohr and Debye and Hermann Weyl. In fact, the scheme, I was more impressed than dis- Sommerfeld by demanding that an inte- first introductory course of physics I took couraged by the complicated mathematics ger number of waves should be fitted was taught by Debye and, without know- spent in the effort. along a stationary orbit. When he had ing much about his scientific work, I re- The news that the foundations of a new finished, Debye casually remarked that he alized from the high quality of his lectures mechanics had already been laid by thought this way of talking was rather at the Institute that here was a great Maurice de Broglie and Heisenberg had childish. As a student of Sommerfeld he master of his field. hardly leaked to Zurich yet and certainly had learned that, to deal properly with There was a good deal less to be en- had not penetrated to our lower strata. waves, one had to have a wave equation. thusiastic about in the other courses one The first inklings of such a thing came to It sounded quite trivial and did not seem me in early 1926; I had by then started to to make a great impression, but Schro- attend the physics colloquium regularly, dinger evidently thought a bit more about Felix Bloch, winner (with E. M. Purcell) of the the idea afterwards. 1952 Nobel Prize in physics, is professor although most of what I heard there was emeritus of physics at Stanford University. far above my head. The colloquium, run Just a few weeks later he gave another PHYSICS TODAY / DECEMBER 1976 Downloaded 08 Jan 2013 to 130.113.174.170. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://www.physicstoday.org/about_us/terms 23 his assumption of the electron being originally at rest, one should take into account its motion on a stationary orbit in the atom. I thought this was such a good idea that I even had the incredible cour- age to go to Debye's office and tell it to him. It really wasn't all that wrong but he only said: "That's no way any more to talk about atoms; you better go and study Schrodinger's new wave mechanics." Well, you would not disobey the au- thorities and, of course, he was again quite right. So this is what I did; Schrodinger's next papers on wave mechanics appeared shortly, one after the other. I did not learn about the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics by Heisenberg, Born and Pascual Jordan until I read that paper of Schrodinger's in which he showed the two formulations to lead to the same results. It did not take me too long to absorb these new methods, and I wish I could confer to the younger physi- cists who read this article the marvellous feeling we students experienced at that time in the sudden tremendous widening of our horizon. Since we were not bur- dened with much previous knowledge, the process was quite painless for us, and we were blissfully unaware of the deep HEISENBERG underlying change of fundamental con- cepts that the more experienced older talk in the colloquium which he started by "Gar Manches rechnet Erwin schon physicists had to struggle with. saying: "My colleague Debye suggested Mit seiner Wellenfunktion. Although I had already begun an ex- that one should have a wave equation; Nur wissen mocht' man gerne wohl periment in spectroscopy, I was now en- well, I have found one!" Was man sich dabei vorstell'n soil." tirely captured by theory and I felt the And then he told us essentially what he legal entrance into the guild to be con- was about to publish under the title In free translation: firmed through my acquaintance with "Quantization as Eigenvalue Problem" as Erwin with his psi can do Walter Heitler and Fritz London. They a first paper of a series in the Annalen der Calculations quite a few. had just obtained their PhD's and had Physik. I was still too green to really But one thing has not been seen: come to Schrodinger's Institute, where appreciate the significance of this talk, Just what does psi really mean? together they worked on their theory of but from the general reaction of the au- covalent bonds. I must have met them in dience I realized that something rather Well, the trouble was that Schrodinger a seminar, and it was a great thing for me important had happened, and I need not did not know it himself. Max Born's in- that they asked me to join them in some tell you what the name of Schrodinger has terpretation as probability amplitude of their walks through the forests around meant from then on. Many years later, came only later and, along with no less a Zurich. For us students the professors I reminded Debye of his remark about the company than Max Planck, Albert Ein- lived somewhere in the clouds, and that wave equation; interestingly enough he stein and de Broglie, he remained skep- two real theorists at the ripe age of almost claimed that he had forgotten about it and tical about it to the end of his life.