Draft Report “Study on Infrastructure and Enabling Environment for Road Electric Transport in SAARC Member States” Draft Version (V1) Submitted to: SAARC Energy Centre (SEC) Submitted by: India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF) INDIA SMART GRID FORUM CBIP BUILDING, MALCHA MARG, CHANAKYAPURI NEW DELHI-1100021 i | P a g e Table of Contents List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................ ix Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. xiii 1. Introduction and Scope of the Report ............................................................................................. 16 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 16 1.2 Project Objective & Scope.......................................................................................................... 17 1.3 Approach & Methodology ......................................................................................................... 17 1.4 Limitations .................................................................................................................................. 18 2. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Socioeconomic Overview ........................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Energy Sector Profile .................................................................................................................. 20 2.3 Transport Sector Profile ............................................................................................................. 21 2.4 INDC Targets ............................................................................................................................... 21 2.5 Why EV? - Key Drivers ................................................................................................................ 22 2.5.1 Energy Resource Availability ............................................................................................... 22 2.5.2 Crude Oil Refining Capacity ................................................................................................ 22 2.5.3 Energy Imports .................................................................................................................... 23 2.5.4 Sector-wise Primary Energy Consumption ......................................................................... 23 2.5.5 Future Energy Usage Pattern .............................................................................................. 24 2.5.6 Transport Sector Consumption of Imported Oil ................................................................ 24 2.5.7 GHG Emissions from the Transport Sector ......................................................................... 25 2.6 Key Issues in SAARC to consider EV deployment ...................................................................... 26 3. Global EV Outlook ............................................................................................................................ 29 3.1 EV deployment status of various countries in different segments: ......................................... 30 3.2 Future growth patterns .............................................................................................................. 32 3.2.1 Global results ....................................................................................................................... 32 3.2.2 Two- and three-wheelers .................................................................................................... 33 3.2.3 Light-duty vehicles .............................................................................................................. 33 3.2.4 Buses .................................................................................................................................... 35 3.3 Existing battery composition and price trajectory: ................................................................... 36 3.3.1 Current status: ..................................................................................................................... 36 3.3.2 Battery chemistry ................................................................................................................ 36 3.3.4 Price Trajectory ................................................................................................................... 37 3.4 Policy Support in terms of subsidies and incentives to accelerate EV deployment: ............... 38 3.5 Potential Implications on EV Markets in SAARC countries ....................................................... 41 4. EV Infrastructure & Policy Requirements ........................................................................................ 43 4.1 EV Types ...................................................................................................................................... 43 4.1.1 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) ............................................................................................. 43 4.1.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) .............................................................................................. 43 4.1.3 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) ................................................................................ 44 4.1.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV or FCV) .............................................................................. 44 4.2 Charging Infrastructure .............................................................................................................. 45 ii | P a g e 4.2.1 Charging Station Type (AC&DC), technical specifications, power requirement, standards followed globally for both AC & DC: ............................................................................................ 45 4.2.2 Communication protocol between EV and EVSE and also between EVSE and the grid: .. 51 4.2.3 Charger Costs ....................................................................................................................... 52 4.2.4 Battery Management System and its function .................................................................. 53 4.2.5 Distribution system enhancement to support vehicle grid integration and innovative tariff structures ...................................................................................................................................... 53 4.2.6 Renewable and energy storage options for charging ........................................................ 58 4.3 Battery & Motor ......................................................................................................................... 58 4.3.1 Battery specifications and technology trend: .................................................................... 58 4.3.2 Motor technology specifications: ....................................................................................... 59 4.4 Business Models ......................................................................................................................... 63 4.4.1 Business Model suggestions specific to the SAARC states include: .................................. 64 4.5 Policy Requirements .................................................................................................................. 65 4.5.1 National and supra-national measures .............................................................................. 65 4.6 Potential Implications on Power Draw for EV charging in SAARC Countries ........................... 66 4.6.1 Weak distribution systems ................................................................................................. 66 4.6.2 Distribution Transformer (DT) sizes and Residential power limitations ........................... 66 4.6.3 Limitations on simultaneous EV charging .......................................................................... 67 4.6.4 Potential solutions .............................................................................................................. 67 5. Global Scenarios and Case Studies .................................................................................................. 68 5.1 Norway ....................................................................................................................................... 68 5.1.1 Oslo, Norway (2015-2016) .................................................................................................. 69 5.2 United States of America ........................................................................................................... 70 5.2.1 San Jose, California, United States of America (2015-2016) .............................................. 71 5.2.2 San Francisco, California, United States of America (2015-2016) ..................................... 72 5.2.3 Los Angeles, California, United States of America (2015-2016) .......................................