US 20060001569A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. N0.: US 2006/0001569 A1 Scandurra (43) Pub. Date: Jan. 5, 2006 (54) RADIOMETRIC PROPULSION SYSTEM Publication Classi?cation (76) Inventor: Marco Scandurra, Cambridge, MA (51) 110.0. 001s 3/02 (2006.01) 601K 15/00 (2006.01) Correspondence Address: (52) Us. 01. ............................................... ..342/351;374/1 STANLEY H. KREMEN 4 LENAPE LANE (57) ABSTRACT EAST BRUNSWICK, NJ 08816 (US) Ahighly ef?cient propulsion system for ?ying, ?oating, and Appl. No.: ground vehicles that operates in an atmosphere under stan (21) 11/068,470 dard conditions according to radiornetric principles. The Filed: Feb. 22, 2005 propulsion system comprises specially fabricated plates that (22) exhibit large linear thrust forces upon application of a Related US. Application Data temperature gradient across edge surfaces. Several ernbodi rnents are presented. The propulsion system has no moving (60) Provisional application No. 60/521,774, ?led on Jul. parts, does not use Working ?uids, and does not burn 1, 2004. hydrocarbon fuels. 1O 13 12 \ 11 Patent Application Publication Jan. 5, 2006 Sheet 1 0f 16 US 2006/0001569 A1 FIG. 2 Patent Application Publication Jan. 5, 2006 Sheet 2 0f 16 US 2006/0001569 A1 25 2X - FIG. 6 Patent Application Publication Jan. 5, 2006 Sheet 3 0f 16 US 2006/0001569 A1 27 0000000. I.N... 000000. FIG. 7 FIG. 8 FIG. 9 ~ FIG. 10 34 39 QI 40/? 9: 38 35 FIG. 11 Patent Application Publication Jan. 5, 2006 Sheet 4 0f 16 US 2006/0001569 A1 42 43/ FIG. 12 Patent Application Publication Jan. 5, 2006 Sheet 5 0f 16 US 2006/0001569 A1 52 6 6 7 a v 74 55 75 59 -l 4/ 155 56x 1 6 ‘ 70\IX - K.— —- | 0000000000000 0000000000000 ' 0000000000000 0000000000000 J 0030000000000 4J3 OOOOOOOOQOOOO 0000000000000 0000000000000 0000000000000 6 2,4 \ 0000000000000 \ x ’1_ ooooooooooo 00 '# H 60 ‘ 53 ' 1 ‘0000000000000000 00000000 ‘ 1 54 f I ‘ ‘0003000000001 r I 4 6 6 . x 5 62 6 |+ \6 1 asi a 2/ ,I FIE. 13 FIG. 14 76 M78 FIG. ,15 FIG. 16 /79 2 K5‘ I 8? {'86 I 89 8O K87 IF' ' K8100?“ " ‘\90 Wilt“91 5 FIG. 17 FIG. 18 Patent Application Publication Jan. 5, 2006 Sheet 6 0f 16 US 2006/0001569 A1 92 FIG. 19 Patent Application Publication Jan. 5, 2006 Sheet 7 0f 16 US 2006/0001569 A1 K106 108\ 102 \[———d— K97 0000000000000 I l l l l 0000000000000 I I #11“ 0000000000000 4 0000000000000 0000000000000 0000000000000 0000000000000 0000000000000 0000000000000 0000000000000 0000 00000000 ~———___—— ---—-----4 |00000 0000000 \...__...,._....__J 110 FIG. 21 Patent Application Publication Jan. 5, 2006 Sheet 8 0f 16 US 2006/0001569 A1 111 117 11-1mm“I 00000000000 00000000000 115 1 1.4 00000000000 00000000000 "0.... 0000000000 111 120 121 123 124 0000066060 00000000000 0 00°00 0000000000 00000000000 00000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 00000000000 l 00000000000 00000000000 ' 00000000000 00000000000 00000000000 125 00000000000 00000000000 122 00000000000 00000000000 °°°°°°§O°Q° 00000000000 00000000000 I‘ 00000000000 000000 00°00 I 00000000000 00000000000 |. 0000000000 00000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 00000000000 F vuvvvvvvvv 90000909990 00000000000 n 0000000000 00000000000 00000000000 I 0000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 00000000000 I. 0000000000 00000000000 00000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 00000000000 00000000000 0000000000 00000000000 00000000000 FIG. 24 Patent Application Publication Jan. 5, 2006 Sheet 9 0f 16 US 2006/0001569 A1 K 129 K 127 ‘X6 \ 130 128 FIG. 25 Patent Application Publication Jan. 5, 2006 Sheet 10 0f 16 US 2006/0001569 A1 139 141 / 4.4 1.- f5it_: “Ma~.__,"“3 JJK4Jim4J5.4:Li5 Z a.+ K -----I 1 3 OOOOOODPOOOOOOODOOODOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O00000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00000000 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00000000000 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000000000 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO000000000O0 0006000000000OOOGOOOOOQOOOQOOOOOOOO 00000000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 0O0O00000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000 00000000OGQOQQOOOOOGOOOO00000000000 OOOPDDQOQGOOOQDDOOODOQOOODODOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOO00000 0000OOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO000000O 0OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00000000O OOOOQOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO000006000 0000000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 000000000000000OOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 000000OQOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOO0.0000000 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ‘ 00000000000OOOIODObOOOOOODOODOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOO00000000000 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00000000000 OOOOOOQOOOOOOQOOOOOGOOOO00000000000 OOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOO00000600000 OOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00000000000 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00000000000 r 134 FIG. 27 [[141 i k If \142 137 136 135 138 FIG. 28 Patent Application Publication Jan. 5, 2006 Sheet 11 0f 16 US 2006/0001569 A1 143 4| 4 4 o-. oro-00-LoOh_F www“aw?_www_0_. o50b00-\-InP ll\ 0N‘0001000\|u|J04000\ +.000.r__++_000_+_00000;000. C600_.000_+009+.000.0 4| 4 5 .04.0|_,\000IN."03.01. 000000w:6.000..Lw000C +_000_000 0“4000“#0400? LO-.00CWC.- - OWH0OO\JOOOi#04OOO\OOOQ 702_000_000_o.0 11100911100000/114x0001..\000 @000‘ _00o__0o0_0300-0. ooo?ntoorwltooof:000.1“;000.1“._ 000/101.1.210001.11.QOOIJIJXOOOI]0c0c\ + . 4000_M0007000“JO JOOO\ OQQOQOQOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOQQOOQQQO 0 OOOOQOQOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOO00000000990 00°0°OaoooooooonvoonuooQOOOOQQOQOOOQo OQOOOQOOOQQOQCOOQQQOOOOOonvoooQOonvowl OOOQOQQOQOOOQOOOOOOQOQQOOOQQOQOQOQC O0°0°O0O000000000OOOQOQOOOOOOOQOOOO 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00°QOOQOQQQOQOQQOQQOCOOCOOGOOOQOQOQ 00°0°Q0O000000000OQOOOQQOOOCOOOOQOO 00°000°C0O9000000OOOOQOOOOOOOQOQOOO QQOQQOQOOOQOOQQQQQQQOOQOQOOQOOOOOOO 00°oocoaoooocoonvonvoooccoQCOQCQQCQQO 00000000000000000000000000000000000 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000O000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000004 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 FIG. 29 146 143 i 148 149 FIG. 30 Patent Application Publication Jan. 5, 2006 Sheet 12 0f 16 US 2006/0001569 A1 157 \ 155 152 153 154 150 156 FIG. 31 1:;9 /-160 /158 g 1? 155 K16" FIG. 32 159 Patent Application Publication Jan. 5, 2006 Sheet 14 0f 16 US 2006/0001569 A1 169 171 J 170. [173 2/ ' 170‘ 17 174 FIG. 35 Patent Application Publication Jan. 5, 2006 Sheet 15 0f 16 US 2006/0001569 A1 188 \‘i 7/175 f179 7/ 187 186 15 7/ ' 7 K, 7; , / 17 189%-\ 182-\ / 183 &\\// t1 \176 180 FIG. 36 Patent Application Publication Jan. 5, 2006 Sheet 16 0f 16 US 2006/0001569 A1 llliltlnmb. fllll illl‘ljllllllllilillllii I‘lHllill.' Ill-Ill if!‘ j 21 US 2006/0001569 A1 Jan. 5, 2006 RADIOMETRIC PROPULSION SYSTEM generates a force directed toWard the colder silver surface as air molecules contained in the vessel impinge on the vanes. CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED In fact, air molecules at loW density exert different pressures APPLICATIONS on hot and on cold bodies. HoWever, the force driving the radiometer is small, of the order of 10-6 N, and furthermore, [0001] This nonprovisional patent application is a at atmospheric pressure the effect vanishes. The present National Stage Entry under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International invention addresses and solves these disadvantages. Abrief PCT Application Number PCT/US 05/02820 ?led on Jan. 31, 2005. This application claims the bene?t of and priority explanation of the driving mechanism of the Radiometer is to this PCT application Which, in turn, claims the bene?t of necessary in order to understand the method of action of the and priority to US. Provisional Applications Nos. 60/481, present invention. Such an explanation can be found in more 999 ?led on Feb. 2, 2004 and 60/521,774 ?led on Jul. 1, detail in the textbook: “Kinetic Theory of gases”, by L. B. 2004 by the Present Inventor. The Present Application also Loeb, 1961 edition, Chapter VII section 84. claims the bene?t of and priority to both Provisional Appli cations. The PCT Application and both Provisional Appli [0007] At equilibrium air can be considered to be a gas cations are incorporated it herein in their entirety hereto. consisting of molecules that are freely moving, point-like particles. Each particle moves With a mean velocity V BACKGROUND proportional to the square root of the temperature. Thus molecules move faster and maintain a higher momentum [0002] 1. Field of the Invention When the air temperature is higher. Molecules bouncing off a hot surface are repelled from that surface at a higher speed [0003] The ?eld of the invention is concerned With pro pulsion systems, rare?ed gas dynamics, and nanotechnol than molecules bouncing off a cold surface. Therefore, one Would expect molecules to impart a higher momentum to hot ogy. surfaces than to cold surfaces. Consequently, the forces on [0004] 2. Analysis of the Problem and the Prior Art hot surfaces are greater than on cold surfaces. As shoWn in [0005] Propulsion systems for modern aircraft, boats, FIG. 2, in a device having tWo surfaces 6 and 7, separated ships, submarines, and automobiles