FACTORS INFLUENCING INTER-CLAN CONFLICT IN NORTHERN KENYA: A CASE OF WAJIR COUNTY BISHAR HUSSEIN SALAD A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Award of Master of Arts Degree in Project Planning and Management of the University of Nairobi 2015 i DECLARATION This project report is my original work and has not been presented to any university for academic award. Signature ……………………………… Date ………………………… BISHAR HUSSEIN SALAD L50/83133/2012 This project report has been submitted for examination with my approval as the University supervisor. Signature ……………………………… Date ……………………..… MOHAMED ADAN NOOR, Senior Lecturer, Department Of Extra- Mural Studies, College Of Education and External Studies, University of Nairobi ii DEDICATION I dedicate this project report to my wives Deka Ahmed and Halima Abdirahma; to my sons; Ahmed Siyad Bishar and Abdiqafar Bishar; and to my daughters Najona Bishar and Halima Sadia Bishar for their support and bearing with me during this process. I will remain forever grateful for their unwavering support and appreciation. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank God for His wisdom and ability that He has given me throughout my life and during this research. I would also like to thank my entire family for their support. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Mohamed Noor for his encouragement and support during the drafting of this project report. I am deeply indebted to many others whom I have consulted in the course of preparing this project report. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION........................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... x ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the Study ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Overview of Wajir County ............................................................................................. 3 1.2 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................................... 7 1.5. Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 7 1.6 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................................... 8 1.7 Delimitation of the Study ...................................................................................................... 9 1.8 Limitations of the Study........................................................................................................ 9 1.9 Assumptions of the Study ................................................................................................... 10 1.10 Definitions of significant terms used in the Study ............................................................ 10 1.11 Organization of the Study ................................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 13 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Definition of Conflict .......................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Conflict Trigger Mechanisms ............................................................................................. 15 2.4 Factors influencing Inter-Clan Conflict .............................................................................. 16 2.4.1 Influence of Scarcity of Resources on Inter-Clan Conflict .......................................... 16 2.4.2 Influence of Dominance and Politics on Inter-Clan Conflict ...................................... 17 2.4.3 Influence of Cultural Values on Inter-Clan Conflict ................................................... 18 2.4.4 Influence of Administrative Boundaries on Inter-Clan Conflict ................................. 19 2.5 Effects of Conflict ............................................................................................................... 20 2.6 Empirical Literature ............................................................................................................ 24 2.7 Theoretical Literature .......................................................................................................... 27 2.8 Conceptual Framework ....................................................................................................... 29 2.9 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 30 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 31 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 31 3.2 Research Design.................................................................................................................. 31 v 3.3 Target Population ................................................................................................................ 31 3.4. Sample Size and Sampling Procedure ............................................................................... 32 3.4.1 Sample Size .................................................................................................................. 32 3.4.2 Sample Procedure ........................................................................................................ 34 3.5 Research Instruments .......................................................................................................... 35 3.6. Pretesting of the instrument ............................................................................................... 35 3.6.1 Pilot Study .................................................................................................................... 36 3.6.2 Validity of the instrument ............................................................................................ 36 3.6.3 Reliability of the Research Instrument ........................................................................ 36 3.6 Data Collection Procedures ................................................................................................. 37 3.7 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 38 3.8 Operational Definition of Variables .................................................................................... 38 3.9 Ethical Considerations ........................................................................................................ 39 3.10 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION ... 41 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 41 4.2 Responses from the community members in Wajir County ............................................... 41 4.3 The Study Response Rate (Responses from community members) ................................... 42 4.3.1 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents ....................................................... 42 4.3.2 Inter-Clan Conflict in Northern Kenya ........................................................................ 45 4.3.3 Influence of Scarcity of Resources on Inter-Clan Conflict .......................................... 48 4.3.4 Influence of Dominance and Politics on Inter-Clan Conflict ...................................... 50 4.3.5 Influence of Cultural Values on Inter-Clan Conflict ................................................... 53 4.3.4 Influence of Administrative Boundaries on Inter-Clan Conflict ................................. 55 4.3.6 Community members‟ suggestions/recommendations ................................................ 59 4.3.7 Correlation Analysis ...................................................................................................