A city that has it all: Maastricht in times of super-diversity A case-study on the interplay between authenticity, internationalization, and migration Solange Coenegracht August 2018 ANR: 368794 Tilburg University School of Humanities Master Thesis Management of Cultural Diversity Thesis Supervisor: Prof. dr. J.W.M. Kroon Second reader: Dr. M. Spotti Abstract Globalization has increased considerably over the last decades in contemporary societies. This has led to a situation of super-diversity. There is a tremendous increase in the texture of societal diversity, and this is most visible in big cities. An example of such city in the Netherlands is Maastricht. Maastricht deals with the interplay between three elements of diversity, i.e. authenticity, internationalization, and migration. These elements pose significant challenges for policy-making, especially with regards to language. Hence, the current study investigated if and how the city of Maastricht deals with the interplay between these three elements of diversity. The focus was specifically on the field of education, since especially there all three diversity-elements meet and are visible, mostly through language policies. The study opted for an empirical interpretive approach and carried out a combination of a top-down and bottom-up analysis. When comparing the authenticity, internationalization, and migration policies with the bottom-up practices of actors in the domain of education, the results showed that the beliefs and practices on the ground did not always coincide with the plans and decisions made at the top. Policymaking in the broad field of diversity at the Municipality of Maastricht turned out to be a rather disorganized practice, especially from a language perspective. In order for the Municipality to create a joint and integrated policy in which all three elements of diversity are included, it should first get a consistent policy in each of the three domains. Furthermore, it should include those languages that at the moment are excluded from its policies, but are clearly seen as important by its citizens. Keywords Globalization, super-diversity, authenticity, internationalization, migration, diversity policies, language policies, education, policy versus practice, top-down bottom-up policies, Maastricht 2 Preface My interest in cultural and linguistic diversity started during my exchanges abroad and got enhanced further during my Bachelor’s Degree in which I majored in Intercultural Communication. The Master Management of Cultural Diversity seemed to be the logical next step for me. I am very happy with my decision and enjoyed this Master tremendously. It allowed me to extend my already existing knowledge and learn more about the management and policy side of diversity. With great pleasure I now present to you my MA thesis, which is the final product of my academic career. As a real “Maastricht” girl, as my supervisor used to call me, I decided to conduct my study in the city where I grew up. Even though conducting research and writing my Master’s thesis sometimes proved to be a challenging and long process, it was at the same time a fun and informative experience which has led me to conduct my research with great pleasure. I would like to take this opportunity to thank the people who have guided and supported me through this process. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Sjaak Kroon. Without his guidance, motivation, and feedback I would probably not have managed to get the result I aimed to have. Furthermore, I want to thank all the interviewees who were willing to participate in my study. Both for their enthusiasm and interesting stories as well as for allowing me to study the topic of linguistic diversity in a real-life context. Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends for their continuous support, even during my stressful outbursts. I wish you a pleasant reading. Solange Coenegracht Utrecht, August 2018 3 Table of Contents Chapter 1: An introduction to diversity in Maastricht ............................................................... 6 Chapter 2: Language diversity policies in times of super-diversity ........................................... 9 2.1. Language diversity policies .......................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Authenticity and language diversity policies ............................................................................. 10 2.3. Internationalization and language diversity policies .................................................................. 11 2.4. Migration and language diversity policies ................................................................................. 12 2.5. Three diversity issues coming together ...................................................................................... 13 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................................... 14 3.1. Epistemology and approach ....................................................................................................... 14 3.2. Research design .......................................................................................................................... 14 3.3. Sample strategy .......................................................................................................................... 15 3.4. Data collection ............................................................................................................................ 15 3.5. Data analysis ............................................................................................................................... 17 3.6. Research quality indicators ......................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 4: Maastricht, then and now ......................................................................................... 19 4.1. The history of Maastricht: From one conquer to another ........................................................... 19 4.2. The Maastricht Treaty: The start of an integrated Europe .......................................................... 19 4.3. Maastricht in present time .......................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 5: A top-down perspective on diversity policies in the Municipality of Maastricht 22 5.1. Authenticity ................................................................................................................................ 22 5.2. Internationalization ..................................................................................................................... 27 5.3. Migration .................................................................................................................................... 30 5.4. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 33 Chapter 6: A bottom-up perspective on diversity practices in Maastricht ............................. 34 6.1. Authenticity ............................................................................................................................... 34 6.1.1. The use of the local dialect at school .................................................................................. 35 6.1.2. Activities regarding the safeguarding and promotion of the local dialect at school ........... 36 6.1.3. View on the local dialect and the Municipality’s role in it ................................................. 38 6.1.4. The use of regional languages and English at school ......................................................... 39 6.1.5. Conclusion in the domain of authenticity ........................................................................... 41 6.2. Internationalization .................................................................................................................. 41 6.2.1. Internationalization policy .................................................................................................. 42 6.2.2. Diversity at school ............................................................................................................... 43 6.2.3. Language use at school ....................................................................................................... 45 6.2.4. The internationalization progress ........................................................................................ 47 6.2.5. Internationalization within the city of Maastricht ............................................................... 48 6.2.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 49 6.3. Migration ................................................................................................................................... 50 6.3.1. Diversity at ISK ................................................................................................................... 50 6.3.2. Routines and teaching methods ........................................................................................... 51 6.3.3. Language use at ISK ........................................................................................................... 53 6.3.4. View on multilingualism ....................................................................................................