Keter Shem Tov Perspectives on Hebrew Scriptures and its Contexts 20 This series contains volumes dealing with the study of the Hebrew Bible, ancient Israelite society and related ancient societies, biblical Hebrew and cognate languages, the reception of biblical texts through the centuries, and the history of the discipline. The series includes monographs, edited collections, and the printed version of the Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, which is also available online. Keter Shem Tov Essays on the Dead Sea Scrolls in Memory of Alan Crown Edited by Shani Tzoref Ian Young 9 342013 Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com Copyright © 2013 by Gorgias Press LLC All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. 2013 ܝ 9 ISBN 978-1-61143-866-6 ISSN 1935-6897 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International Conference on the Dead Sea scrolls (2011 : Mandelbaum House, University of Sydney) Keter shem tov : collected essays on the Dead Sea scrolls in memory of Alan Crown / edited by Shani Tzoref, Ian Young. pages cm. -- (Perspectives on Hebrew scriptures and its contexts, ISSN 1935-6897 ; 20) “This volume contains the proceedings of a conference on the Dead Sea scrolls held in memory of the late emeritus professor Alan Crown in late 2011 at the University of Sydney, Mandelbaum House. This eclectic collection contains 16 articles on a variety of topics within Qumran studies from established scholars in the field such as Emanuel Tov, Albert Baumgarten, William Loader and Shani Tzoref as well as exciting new voices in the field. Topics cover the full range of scholarly study of the scrolls, from the impact of the Qumran discoveries on the study of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament to the study of the scrolls themselves and the community organizations presupposed in them, focusing as well on topics as diverse as sexuality, scribal practice and the attitude to the Temple in the scrolls.“--Summary. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61143-866-6 (alk. paper) 1. Dead Sea scrolls--Congresses. I. Crown, Alan David. II. Tzoref, Shani. III. Young, Ian. IV. Title. BM487.I545 2013 296.1’55--dc23 2013034674 Printed in the United States of America KETER SHEM TOV: ESSAYS ON THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS IN MEMORY OF ALAN CROWN TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ..................................................................................... v Abbreviations .......................................................................................... vii Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 Shani Tzoref and Ian Young Eulogy for Alan Crown ........................................................................... 9 David Freedman Part 1. Qumran Scholarship: Now and Then .................................... 15 Qumran Communities—Past and Present ................................ 17 Shani Tzoref Part 2. Textual Transmission of the Hebrew Bible ........................... 57 The Samaritan Pentateuch and the Dead Sea Scrolls: The Proximity of the Pre-Samaritan Qumran Scrolls to the SP .... 59 Emanuel Tov ―Loose‖ Language in 1QIsaa ....................................................... 89 Ian Young The Contrast Between the Qumran and Masada Biblical Scrolls in the Light of New Data. ............................................ 113 Ian Young Part 3. Reception of Scripture in the Dead Sea Scrolls .................. 121 A Case for Two Vorlagen Behind the Habakkuk Commentary (1QpHab) ............................................................. 123 Stephen Llewelyn, Stephanie Ng, Gareth Wearne and Alexandra Wrathall ―Holy Ones‖ and ―(Holy) People‖ in Daniel and 1QM ....... 151 Anne Gardner What has Qohelet to do with Qumran?................................... 185 Martin A. Shields 4QTestimonia (4Q175) and the Epistle of Jude..................... 203 John A. Davies v vi KETER SHEM TOV Plant Symbolism and the Dreams of Noah and Abram in the Genesis Apocryphon ............................................................ 217 Marianne Dacy Part 4. Community and the Dead Sea Scrolls .................................. 233 What Did the ―Teacher‖ Know?: Owls and Roosters in the Qumran Barnyard ................................................................. 235 Albert I. Baumgarten Exclusion and Ethics: Contrasting Covenant Communities in 1QS 5:1–7:25 and 1 Cor 5:1–6:11 ........................................ 259 Bradley J. Bitner Eschatology and Sexuality in the So-Called Sectarian Documents from Qumran ......................................................... 305 William Loader Part 5. The Temple and the Dead Sea Scrolls ................................. 317 A Temple Built of Words: Exploring Concepts of the Divine in the Damascus Document ......................................... 319 Dionysia A. van Beek 4Q174 and the Epistle to the Hebrews.................................... 333 Philip Church The Temple Scroll: ―The Day of Blessing‖ or ―The Day of Creation‖? Insights on Shekinah and Sabbath ......................... 361 Antoinette Collins List of Contributors ............................................................................. 375 Index of Authors .................................................................................. 377 Index of Ancient Sources .................................................................... 385 QUMRAN COMMUNITIES— PAST AND PRESENT* Shani Tzoref The history of the publication of the Dead Sea Scrolls has attracted almost as much public interest as the contents of the Scrolls themselves. Today, the Scrolls are again making headlines, as the Israel Antiquities Authority (my home institution) and the Israel Museum have partnered with Google Inc. to upload digitized images of the manuscripts.1 For most of the twentieth century, the extensive media fanfare focused on dramatic controversies, conspiracy theories, exclusion, lawsuits, divisions and divisiveness. In the current study, to honor the memory of Alan Crown, I call attention to a phenomenon that has received less attention but is of more lasting significance: the evolution of Qumran studies into a field that is a model of interfaith collegiality and cooperation. I will outline the three phases that have been perceived in this evolutionary process, and demonstrate how these phases correlate with developments in the scholarly consensus about the * For Prof. Alan Crown, in warm appreciation and gratitude, and with particularly fond memories of our committee sessions for setting the NSW Higher School Certificate; his personal interest in and support of students, colleagues, and anybody who crossed his path; and his contagious sense of humor and smile. 1 The Israel Antiquities Authority site, http://www.deadseascrolls. org.il/, contains new spectral images of Scrolls fragments and scanned images of infrared photographs of the Rockefeller Museum corpus taken in the 1950s and 1960s. The Israel Museum site, http://dss. collections.imj.org.il/project, contains images of the relatively complete scrolls housed at the Shrine of the Book. 17 18 KETER SHEM TOV identification of the community of the scrolls. Finally, I will suggest that the modern progression towards global cooperation may be seen as a mirror image of a move towards insularity that characterized the people of the scrolls in antiquity. 1. THREE PHASES OF QUMRAN SCHOLARSHIP: ACCESS AND PUBLICATION (LINEAR MODEL) The model of three stages of Qumran studies, or three generations of Dead Sea Scrolls scholars, has been portrayed by some as a linear progression. The linear model is relevant with respect to access and publication: 1) The first generation was a period of Acquisition and Allocation, when access to the texts was limited to a closed circle of official scholars. 2) The second phase, a time of Breaking Barriers, was about opening the field, especially physically, in terms of access to unpublished texts; it was also an era of rejection of established interpretations and analyses. 3) Finally, we reach today‘s phase of Cooperation and Collaboration, and complexity in analysis. Phases 1 and 2 have been discussed at great length, especially by Lawrence H. Schiffman,2 Neil Asher Silberman,3 and, most recently, by Weston Fields.4 Some highlights are summarized here. 2 Lawrence H. Schiffman, Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls: The History of Judaism, The Background of Christianity, the Lost Library of Qumran (Phila- delphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1994), esp. pp. xxi–xxiv and Part 1, ―Discovery and Disclosure: Liberating the Scrolls,‖ 1–61 (ch. 1 is entitled ―Shepherds and Scholars: Secrets of the Caves‖ [3–19]; ch. 2 is ―Scholars, Scrolls, and Scandals‖ [21–31]); idem, ―Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls: The Significance of the Scrolls for Judaism and Christianity‖ and ―The Many ‗Battles of the Scrolls,‘‖ in Archaeology and Society in the 21st Century: the Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Case Studies (ed. Neil A. Silberman and Ernest S. Frerichs; Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 2001), 160–68; 188–210. 3 Neil Asher Silberman, The Hidden Scrolls: Christianity, Judaism, and the War for the Dead Sea Scrolls (NY: Putnam‘s, 1994). QUMRAN COMMUNITIES—PAST AND PRESENT 19 1.1. Phase 1: Acquisition and