GENE FLOW IN ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES. A STUDY ON STATUS, IMPACT AND TRENDS Editors: Anne Valle Zárate, Katinka Musavaya and Cornelia Schäfer Institute of Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Germany Editors A. Valle Zárate, K. Musavaya, C. Schäfer Institute of Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany Authors Global study: A. Valle Zárate, C. Schäfer, K. Musavaya, M. Mergenthaler, R. Roessler, H. Momm, C. Gall Global gene flow of sheep: C. Schäfer, A. Valle Zárate Global gene flow of goats: E. Alandia Robles, C. Gall, A. Valle Zárate Global gene flow of cattle: M. Mergenthaler, H. Momm, A. Valle Zárate Global gene flow of pigs: K. Musavaya, M. Mergenthaler, A. Valle Zárate Case studies: The worldwide gene flow of the improved Awassi and Assaf breeds of sheep from Israel: T. Rummel, A. Valle Zárate and E. Gootwine History and worldwide development of Anglo Nubian goats and their impacts in smallholder farms in Bolivia: A. Stemmer, C. Gall, A. Valle Zárate Boran and Tuli cattle breeds - origin, worldwide transfer, utilisation and the issue of access and benefit sharing: S. Homann, J.H. Maritz, C.G. Hülsebusch, K. Meyn, A. Valle Zárate Impact of the use of exotic compared to local pig breeds on socio-economic development and biodiversity in Vietnam: L.T.T. Huyen, R. Roessler, U. Lemke, A. Valle Zárate Language M. Hill TABLE OF CONTENTS I TABLE OF CONTENTS List of tables III List of figures III List of tables, figures and boxes in background information III Abbreviations VI Executive Summary 1 1 Introduction 15 1.1 Objectives 15 1.2 Material and Methods 15 1.3 Scope 16 1.3.1 Global study 16 1.3.2 Case studies 17 2 General features of gene flow 18 2.1 Gene flow during domestication and breed formation 18 2.2 Influence of breeding methods in further development and spread of breeds 20 2.3 Influence of technology and global mobility on the dissemination of genetic material 22 2.4 Gene flow indicated by Country Reports 23 3 Main findings of global study 25 3.1 Global gene flow of sheep 25 3.2 Global gene flow of goats 31 3.3 Global gene flow of cattle 35 3.4 Global gene flow of pigs 42 4 Main findings of case studies 49 4.1 The worldwide gene flow of the improved Awassi and Assaf breeds of sheep from Israel 49 4.2 History and worldwide development of Anglo Nubian goats and their impacts in smallholder farms in Bolivia 53 4.3 Boran and Tuli cattle breeds - origin, worldwide transfer, utilisation and the issue of Access and Benefit Sharing 56 4.4 Impact of the use of exotic compared to local pig breeds on socio-economic development and biodiversity in Vietnam 60 II TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 Analysis of driving factors and impacts 63 5.1 Main factors affecting gene flow 63 5.1.1 Breeding and trade organisations 63 5.1.2 Regulations 68 5.1.3 Foreign aid and development projects 71 5.1.4 Research and commercial interests in specific genes 77 5.1.5 Suitability of breeds for prevailing production systems 79 5.2 Impact of gene flow on economic development and poverty reduction 87 5.3 Impact of gene flow on biodiversity 89 5.4 Limitations of the study 91 5.5 Need for further action 93 6 References 95 7 Contact Addresses 105 7.1 Authors 105 7.2 Advisory panel 106 7.3 Resource persons 107 8 Acknowledgements 112 9 Annex 115 9.1 Background information 115 9.2 Global gene flow of sheep 191 9.3 Global gene flow of goats 229 9.4 Global gene flow of cattle 241 9.5 Global gene flow of pigs 281 9.6 The worldwide gene flow of the improved Awassi and Assaf breeds of sheep from Israel 305 9.7 History and worldwide development of Anglo Nubian goats and their impacts in smallholder farms in Bolivia 359 9.8 Boran and Tuli cattle breeds - origin, worldwide transfer, utilisation and the issue of Access and Benefit Sharing 395 9.9 Impact of the use of exotic compared to local pig breeds on socio-economic development and biodiversity in Vietnam 459 LIST OF TABLES III LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Earliest evidence of domestication 19 Table 2: HPI projects with small ruminants in Asia (1985-1997) 73 Table 3: Number of goats distributed by HPI in India (1995-1997) 74 Table 4: Sahiwal crosses with other cattle breeds in Kenya 86 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Distribution of wild ancestors of major domestic mammals in Western Asia 18 Figure 2: Historical development of breeding methods and impact on gene flow 20 Figure 3: Historical overview on Awassi and Assaf breeding in Israel 50 Figure 4: World wide gene flow of the Improved Awassi and Assaf breeds of sheep from Israel 51 Figure 5: Gene flow of the Anglo Nubian goat 54 Figure 6: Worldwide transfers of Unimproved and Improved Boran cattle breeding material from Eastern and Southern Africa 57 Figure 7: Worldwide transfers of Tuli cattle breeding material from Southern Africa 57 Figure 8: Performance of Bos indicus, Bos taurus and their crosses in the tropics from two review studies 84 LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES IN BACKGROUND INFORMATION A 1: Advisory panel 119 A 2: Development of the Merino breed in Europe 119 A 3: Current gene flow in sheep indicated by selected export and import records and records on introduction of foreign genetic material 121 A 4: Composite sheep breeds, number of foundation breeds and the year of origin or year recognised by country of origin 122 A 5: ICAR Report of the working group on milk recording scheme 128 A 6: Changes in sheep breed composition in the USA 132 A 7: Country Report excerpts for sheep 133 A 8: Country Report excerpts for goats 136 A 9: Possible introduction routes of cattle from West to South, Southeast, East and Northeast Asia, with centres of domestication 139 A 10: Possible introduction routes of cattle into North, West and northeastern Africa 139 IV LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES IN BACKGROUND INFORMATION A 11: Possible introduction routes of cattle into the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia and probable centres of domestication for Bos (bibos) spp. 140 A 12: Cattle migration after the 16th century 141 A 13: Total Simmental population per country** in the early 1990s 141 A 14: German Simmental export to Turkey 142 A 15: EU heifer export by origin and year 142 A 16: Annual EU heifer export by destination 1993-2003 143 A 17: Annual EU heifer import and export 1998-2002 144 A 18: EU heifer import by destination and year 144 A 19: Annual EU heifer import by origin 1993-2003 145 A 20: German Simmental export by year 145 A 21: Introduction of the Simmental breed to different environments 146 A 22: Crosses of Simmental with local cattle breeds 147 A 23: German Simmental export to Balkan countries 1998-2002 147 A 24: Semen export of industrialised countries by origin in 1991 148 A 25: EU semen export by destination in 2003 (%) 148 A 26: EU semen export by destination in 2003 (number of doses) 149 A 27: Semen import of developed countries by origin in 1991 151 A 28: EU semen import by origin in 2003 152 A 29: Semen imports and exports by breed group and region in 1991 153 A 30: Semen imports to developing countries in 1991 by breed, breed group and destination 153 A 31: Annual semen imports and exports of EU in 2002/2003 154 A 32: German semen import (doses) by year and origin 154 A 33: US Brahman export by destination and year 155 A 34: Brazilian Simmental embryo import by origin 1986-1993 155 A 35: Brazilian Simmental semen import by origin 1972-1993 156 A 36: Brazilian semen doses sold in 2002 by breed 156 A 37: Israeli Holstein export by country and time period 157 A 38: AI coverage by breed and country groups for developed countries in 1991 157 A 39: AI coverage by breed and country groups for developing countries in 1991 158 A 40: Use of AI by breed group and region for developed countries in 1991 158 A 41: Use of AI by breed group and region for developing countries in 1991 159 A 42: Share of bull breeds used in Botswana from 1987 to 1995 159 A 43: Australian beef cattle registrations by breed 160 LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES IN BACKGROUND INFORMATION V A 44: Number of breeders by breeds in South Africa in July 2003 161 A 45: Ratio of utilisation of the Simmental breed in different countries for milk and beef 161 A 46: Examples of absorption of local cattle by imported breeds 162 A 47: Holstein’s and Sahiwal’s contribution to composite breeds 162 A 48: Performance of the Holstein breed in different environments 163 A 49: Country Report excerpts for cattle 164 A 50: Annual EU breeding pig import and export 1992-2003 172 A 51: Imported pig breeds during the 1970s into different countries 173 A 52: State of the pig genetic resource utilisation in Uruguay 174 A 53: Country Report excerpts for pigs 175 A 54: Information from the World Watch List of Domestic Animal Diversity 182 VI ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS ADT Projekt Specialised consulting enterprise that focuses on planning and implementing international agricultural projects (Germany) AI Artificial insemination ASPS Agriculture Sector Programme Support BC before Christ BMPIB Bone morphogenetic protein IB receptor BMZ German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy CAE Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis COMTRADE Commodity Trade Statistics Database (United Nations) CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation DAD-IS Domestic Animal Diversity Information System e.g.