873 Possible & Probable Official Acts (614 Possible & 259 Probable) [Possible Acts were found during our research for Official Acts, but have not been confirmed. Further research may confirm that these are Official Anti-Jewish Acts or that they aren’t. If they can’t be confirmed as Official Acts, in the future they will be removed from this work entirely. Probable Acts are seemingly complete except they are missing the full date (day or month/day). If and when their months and days are found, they will become Official Anti- Jewish Acts, and moved into the Official Acts category.] 1 400 BC [Probable] "Order" of Bagoas* [Present-day Iran, Iraq, Egypt; Achaemenid Empire]: "[…] as punishment for the fratricide** in this temple, Bagoas imposes a fine of twenty [Greek] Drachma for each lamb they (Jews) sacrifice in the[ir] temple." [Researcher’s note: *Bagoas was a Visier (Chief Minister) in the Achaemenid Empire. **According to the source, this order came after the death of the high-priest and his son Jonathan's succession. His other son, Joshua, however, wanted to hold the same position and tried to gather favor with the governors of Syria and Phoenicia. An altercation between the two brothers ensued in the temple and Joshua was killed.] Theologisch-Chronische Behandlung über das wahre Geburts- und Sterb-Jahr Jesu Christi von Johann Baptist Weigl. Zweiter, praktischer Theil. (Theological-chronological treatment of the real birth-year and year-of-death of Jesus Christ by Johann Baptist Weigl. Second part.); (Sulzbach; 1849); Researched and Translated by Ziba Shadjaani 6/24/2020 2 216 BC [Probable] Order of Ptolemy IV Philopator [Present-day Egypt; Ptolemaic Kingdom]: "[…] Jews are to be downgraded from first-class citizens to the lowest, third-class citizens [and] each Jew is to re-register again […] and one is to brand each Jew’s body with a red-hot iron in [the shape of] an ivy-leaf as a sign for their servitude/bondage (‘Knechtschaft’) […] A death-sentence awaits anyone who opposes the implementation of this order […]." [Researcher's note: The above is a translation of a German summary of the original text.] Theologisch-Chronische Behandlung über das wahre Geburts- und Sterb-Jahr Jesu Christi von Johann Baptist Weigl. Zweiter, praktischer Theil. (Theological-chronological treatment of the real birth-year and year-of-death of Jesus Christ by Johann Baptist Weigl. Second part.); (Sulzbach; 1849); Researched and Translated by Ziba Shadjaani 6/24/2020 3 168 BC [Probable] Order of Philipp, the governor (‘Statthalter’) of Jerusalem [Present-day Israel]: "Philipp, the governor (‘Statthalter’) of Jerusalem orders the murder of a number of Jews, who were hiding in a cave, on a Sabbath." [Researcher’s note: This order came after Antiochus [IV Epiphanes] had decided and decreed that all of his subjects were to denounce their gods and worship that of the king. The above is a translation of a German summary of the original text.] Theologisch-Chronische Behandlung über das wahre Geburts- und Sterb-Jahr Jesu Christi von Johann Baptist Weigl. Zweiter, praktischer Theil. (Theological-chronological treatment of the real birth-year and year-of-death of Jesus Christ by Johann Baptist Weigl. Second part.); (Sulzbach; 1849); Researched and Translated by Ziba Shadjaani 6/24/2020 Copyright 2020, 2021 4 164 BC Decree by King Antiochus IV Epiphanes [Present-day Turkey / Seleucid Empire / Asia Minor] [Possible] Commentary from other sources: 1) "According to II Macc. 6:1, Antiochus sent a special emissary to Judaea to carry out the decree 'in order to force the Jews to transgress the laws of their fathers and not to live according to God's commandments.’…The persecution not only involved a complete abomination of the Temple and the altar, but copies of Torah were burned, and Sabbath keeping and circumcision were forbidden. The religious persecutions of Antiochus IV in 167 BC can be attributed to many factors…The conservative religious community of Jerusalem posed too great a threat to his hand on Jerusalem and he resorted to measures he felt would put an end to this threat…he would try to eliminate their faith." "The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and his Assault Against Judaea." Dr. J. Paul Tanner. June 11, 2001, Page 12 & 14, Online Paper at paultanner.org, Accessed on 7/14/2011 2) "He also compelled them to forsake the worship which they paid their own God, and to adore those whom he took to be gods; and made them build temples, and raise idol altars, in every city and village, and offer swine upon them every day. He also commanded them not to circumcise their sons..." Josephus, Antiquitates Judaicae, 12.5.4, Researched and Translated by Joan Paez 12/21/2015 5 139 BC "Expulsion of Jews from Rome" issued by the Praetor Hispalus [Holy Roman Empire; Present Day Italy, ...] [Possible] Commentary for other sources: 1) "In 139 BC Jews were expelled from Rome after being accused of trying to aggressively convert [Christians]." Van Voorst, Jesus, 2000. pp. 37 https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts_of_the_Apostles (Accessed on 11/3/2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius%27_expulsion_of_Jews_from_Rome (Accessed on 11/3/2015), Researched by Ziba Shadjaani 11/3/2015 Scherer, J. E.: Die Rechtsverhältnisse der Juden in den deutsch-österreichischen Ländern. (Leipzig; 1901); p. 9 Original Text found here: https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Actus_Apostolorum (Accessed on 11/3/2015) 6 132 BC "Ban on Castration and Circumcision" Issued by Roman Emperor Hadrian 132 BC [Present Day Italy?]: Date for Reference only / verifying authenticity - Verify AD / BC [Possible] Commentary from other sources: 1) "At this time also the Jews began war, because they were forbidden to practice circumcision" (moverunt ea tempestate et Iudaei bellum, quod vetabantur mutilare genitalia). Scriptores historiae Augustae: Hadrian 14.2, in The Scriptores Historiae Augustae, trans. David Magie, 3 vols. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979), 1:42–45; Alfredo Mordechai Rabello, "The Ban on Circumcision as a Cause of Bar Kokhba's Rebellion," Israel Law Rev., 1995, 29: 176–214 Researched by Ziba Shadjaani 10/25/2015 2 7 116 BC Military command of Ptolemy, circa 116 BC [Asia Minor] [Possible] Commentary from other sources: 1) "…he commanded his soldiers to strangle them (Jewish women and children), and to cut their throats like a butcher, and then to cast them into boiling caldrons, and then to devour their limbs as sacrifices." Josephus, Antiquitates Judaicae, 13.12.6, Researched by Joan Paez 8 3 BC "Expulsion of Jews," circa 3 BC [Egypt] [Possible] Commentary from other sources: 1) Jews are expelled from Egypt. Sources: https://www.darkmoon.me/2014/timeline-of-jewish-persecutions/ http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/WRHARTICLES/HistoryPersecution.htm http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/historyjewishpersecution/ Researched by Ziba Shadjaani in December 2016 9 19 Decree of Emperor Tiberius, 19 AD [Roman Empire] [Possible] Commentary from other sources: 1) "He supressed all foreign religions, the Egyptian and Jewish rites, obliging those who practiced that kind of superstition to burn their vestments and all their sacred utensils. He distributed the Jewish youth under the pretense of military service among the provinces noted for an unhealthy climate, and dismissed from the city (Rome) all the rest of that nation (Jews) as well as those who were proselytes to that religion under pain of slavery for life, unless they complied." Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius, XXXVI, Researched and Translated by Joan Paez 12/21/2015 10 49 Decree of Emperor Claudius, 49 AD [Roman Empire] [Possible] Commentary from other sources: 1) "He banished all the Jews from Rome..." Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, Claudius, XXV.4, Researched and Translated by Joan Paez 12/21/2015 11 70 [Probable] "Fiscus Judaicus" (Jewish Tax) issued by Roman Emperor Vespasian, circa 70 AD [Flavian Dynasty; Present-day Eqypt, Syria, Croatia, Serbia, Hungary, Czech Republic]: "Herenios son of Didymos, in respect of the two-denar tax on the Jews for the 4th year of our lord Vespasian Cesar…" Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum (CPJ), ed. by V. Tcherikover, Cambridge, Mass., 1957- 1964. "Roman Egyptian tax receipt," Ostraka No. 160 from the Jewish quarter of Apollinopolis Magna, published in: Researched by Franziska Wagener 3 12 70 Military command of Caesar Titus, circa 70 AD [Roman Empire/Judea] [Possible] Commentary from other sources: 1) "Now as soon as the army had no more people [Jews] to slay or to plunder, because there remained none to be the objects of their fury... [Titus] Caesar gave orders that they should now demolish the entire city (Jerusalem) and Temple." Josephus, De bello Judaico, VII.1.1, Researched and Translated by Joan Paez 12/21/2015 13 73 JONATHAN THE WEAVER, circa 73 [Libya] [Possible] Commentary from other sources: 1) Convinced the poorer Jews of Cyrene to revolt by promising them as a "prophet" that he would walk them through the desert. The Roman Governor, L. Valerius Catullus, had them executed. At the same time the Governor also murdered a few thousand wealthy Jews and appropriated their property. Source: http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/history.php/history.php?startyear=69&endyear=79 Researched by Ziba Shadjaani October 2016 14 85 "Special Taxation of Jews" ("Fiscus Judaicus") issued by Emperor Domitian, circa 85 [Roman Empire; Present Day Italy] [Possible] Commentary from other sources: 1) "All Jews in the Roman Empire had to pay a heavy tax under Domitian." Real-Encyclopädie für Bibel und Talmud. Ausgearbeitet von Dr. J. Hamburger ("Real-Encyclopedia for the Bible and Talmud" prepared by Dr. J. Hamburger"); (Strelitz; 1883) 2) With respect to the fiscus Judaicus, this relatively early date is corroborated by the use of the me adulescentumlum by Suetonius when speaking about his being present at the court of the procurator.