1100 – 100 Sheppard Ave. East Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6N5 416 218 7025 | sa-footprint .com 03042-006 Net Zero Carbon Roadmap For McMaster University Project Location McMaster University Campus, Hamilton, Ontario Footprint Project Number 03042-006 Date 2020-11-06 Revised – 2020-12-06 Net Zero Carbon Roadmap 03042-006 Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. 1 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... 3 Purpose ................................................................................................................... 3 Key Findings ............................................................................................................ 3 Recommendations .................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 6 Objective .................................................................................................................. 6 McMaster University Main Campus – Summary & Stats ........................................ 6 Campus Buildings Description ............................................................................................ 7 Building Types ......................................................................................................... 7 Construction Types ................................................................................................. 8 Mechanical Systems ............................................................................................... 9 District Energy System ............................................................................................ 9 District Energy Plant Operation ......................................................................................... 10 District Energy Plant Equipment ............................................................................ 10 Steam Load Duration Curve .................................................................................. 11 BoileR Replacement Project ................................................................................. 12 Utility Rates .......................................................................................................................... 13 Natural Gas Rate ................................................................................................... 13 Electrical Rate ....................................................................................................... 14 Campus Energy Model ........................................................................................................ 17 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 17 Current Carbon Emissions ................................................................................................. 20 Main Campus Overall Carbon Emissions ............................................................. 20 Benchmarking ........................................................................................................ 21 Carbon Emissions ................................................................................................. 22 Direct Emissions .................................................................................................... 23 Indirect Emissions ................................................................................................. 24 Emissions By Building Type .................................................................................. 26 Emissions Visualization ......................................................................................... 28 Vehicle Emissions ................................................................................................. 29 Business As Usual (BAU) ...................................................................................... 30 Building Energy Conservation ........................................................................................... 33 Building Energy Conservation Measures .............................................................. 33 1 Net Zero Carbon Roadmap 03042-006 Campus Electrification ........................................................................................................ 37 District Energy Measures ...................................................................................... 37 Proposed Peak Shaving Project ............................................................................ 37 Reduced Cogeneration Operation......................................................................... 38 Electrifying Steam Production ............................................................................... 40 Future Project Considerations ........................................................................................... 44 Heat Pump Transition ............................................................................................ 44 Heat Pumps – Ground Source .............................................................................. 44 Ground Source Heat Pump Transition .................................................................. 46 Heat Pumps – Air Source ...................................................................................... 50 Reactor Heat Recovery ......................................................................................... 52 Waste Water Heat Recovery ................................................................................. 52 Recommended Existing Campus Emissions Reductions ............................................... 54 Alternate Air Source Heat Pump Transition .......................................................... 61 Carbon Reduction Roadmap – New Construction ........................................................... 64 Net Zero Strategies for New Construction ............................................................ 64 Energy Performance Targets for New Construction ............................................. 66 Carbon Reduction Roadmap – Vehicle Fleet .................................................................... 68 Fleet Transition to Electric Vehicles ...................................................................... 68 Resolving Indirect Emissions ............................................................................................ 69 Renewable Energy ................................................................................................ 69 Carbon Offsets ...................................................................................................... 71 Carbon Capture and Reuse ................................................................................................ 72 Appendix A: Emissions Factors ........................................................................................ 73 Appendix B: Energy Modelling Input Summary ............................................................... 75 Appendix C: Energy Modelling Results ............................................................................ 76 Appendix D: Energy Conservation Measures Summary ................................................. 80 2 Net Zero Carbon Roadmap 03042-006 Executive Summary PURPOSE As detailed in RFP 0878-2020, McMaster is committed to a safe and sustainable campus. As part of this commitment, McMaster would like to create a net zero carbon strategy. Footprint, using a campus energy model, has provided this report, detailing a pathway for McMaster to achieve a zero carbon campus, implementing key changes in phases over the next 30 years. KEY FINDINGS Key findings of this study include: – Baseline campus carbon emissions are 40,400 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2e) annually – A plan is proposed whereby the campus emissions are reduced by 75% by 2030 and by 90% by 2050. Purchasing carbon credits or installing additional renewable energy generation capacity may need to be considered for the remaining 10% of emissions reductions. RECOMMENDATIONS Figure E1: Recommended Emissions Reduction Path and Components 3 Net Zero Carbon Roadmap 03042-006 Plan Component Budget Cost in Utility Cost Utility Cost Impact Emissions millions Impact without with Class A and Savings Class A and Peak Peak Shaving 1 Tonnes CO 2e Shaving Near Term Projects Energy $17.4 Decrease Decrease 9,900 Conservation $1.1M/year $0.8M/year Measures Reduced - Increase Increase 8,300 Cogeneration $3.1M/year $129k/year Operation Electric Boiler $4.0 Increase Decrease 9,200 Installation $6.1M/year $127k/year Potential Future Projects Ground Source $86.7 Increase Neutral 22,300 Heat Pump - $1.9M/year Closed Loop Waste Water $3.7 Included above Included above Included in GSHP Heat Recovery Reactor Heat $4.2 Included above Included above Included in GSHP Recovery Alternate Heat Pump Solutions Ground Source $65.4 Increase Neutral 22,300 Heat Pump - $1.9M/year Open Loop Air Source Heat $29.6 Increase Increase - Pump $2.1M/year $300k Chiller/Heaters 1 – Note that interaction between measures means the savings from individual measures do not total to the cumulative plan reduction 4 Net Zero Carbon Roadmap 03042-006 Figure E1A: Carbon Emissions Reduction Path with Indirect Emissions Factor Growth 5 Net Zero Carbon Roadmap