AMERICAN ANTIQUITY, Volume XX, Number 4, Part 2, April 1955 Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology MOGOLLON CULTURE PRIOR TO A.D. 1000 By JOE BEN WHEAT THIS MATERIAL ALSO APPEARS AS MEMOIR NO. 82 OF THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION THE SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY President: ROBERT WAUCHOPE, Middle American Research Institute, Tulane Univer­ sity, New Orleans, Louisiana. First Vice-President: CARLYLE S. SMITH, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Second Vice-President: 3. CHARLES KELLEY, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois. Secretary: ALBERT C. SPAULDING, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Treasurer: WILLIAM J. MAYER-OAKES, Section of Man, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Editor: RICHARD B. WOODBURY, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York. Associate Editor: WILLIAM A. RITCHIE, University of the State of New York, State Edu­ cation Building, Albany, New York. Assistant Editors: Early Man, ALEX D. KRIEGER, Department of Anthropology, Uni­ versity of Texas, Austin; Arctic, WILLIAM S. LAUGHLIN, Department of Anthro­ pology, University of Oregon, Eugene; Pacific Coast, RICHARD D. DAUGHERTY, Department of Anthropology, State College of Washington, Pullman; Southwest, EDWARD B. DANSON, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson; Plains, CARLYLE S. SMITH, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence; Northern Mississippi Valley, MELVIN L. FOWLER, Illinois State Museum, Springfield; Northeast, ALFRED K. GUTHE, Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, Rochester, N.Y.; Southeast, WILLIAM H. SEARS, 21 Bay view Ave., West Amityville, New York; Middle America, J. ERIC THOMPSON, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 10 Frisbie Place, Cambridge 38, Mass.; Highland South America, RICHARD P. SCHAEDEL, Gonzales Larraftaga 122, Miraflores, Lima, Peru; Lowland South America, BETTY J. MEGGERS, 6040 14th Street, Apt. 229, Wash­ ington 11, D.C. Editorial Assistant: NATHALIE F. S. WOODBURY, Department of Anthropology, Barnard College, New York. Members of the Executive Committee in addition to the elected officers: CAKL H. CHAPMAN (to 1955), Dept. of Soc, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia; ERIK K. REED (to 1955), 288 Griffin Street, Santa Fe, New Mexico; CLIFFORD EVANS, JR. (to 1956), Division of Archaeology, U.S. National Museum, Washington 25, D.C; RALPH L. BEALS (to 1956), Dept. of Anthro. and Soc., Univ. of California, Los Angeles, Calif. American Antiquity is published by the SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY during the months of January, April, July, and October. Subscription is by membership; annual dues are $6.00, of which $5.00 is for a subscription to American Antiquity and other publications as issued. American Antiquity is printed by the University of Utah Press, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 1, Utah. Entered as second-class matter June 1, 1951, at the post office at Salt Lake City, Utah, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Orders for memoirs should be sent to the Society for American Archaeology, Logan Museum, Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin. See inside back cover for prices; re­ mittance should accompany order. Please address requests for membership or other information to Secretary. MEMOIRS OF THE SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Number 10 RICHARD B. WOODBURY, Editor Supplement to AMERICAN ANTIQUITY, Volume XX Number 4, Part 2, April 1955 Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology MOGOLLON CULTURE PRIOR TO A.D. 1000 By JOE BEN WHEAT NUMBER 10 : 1955 THIS MATERIAL ALSO APPEARS AS MEMOIR NO. 82 OF THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES xl LIST OF FIGURES xlll PART I: THE MOGOLLON CULTURE I. GEOGRAPHY OF THE MOGOLLON AREA 1 II. TAXONOMY OF THE MOGOLLON CULTURE 7 III. SUMMARY OF MOGOLLON BRANCHES AND SITES 13 IV. VILLAGE PATTERN AND ARCHITECTURE 31+ Village Location 31+ Architecture 35 Mogollon 1 1+0 Mogollon 2 1+3 Mogollon 3 1+6 Mogollon t+ 1+9 Mogollon 5 52 Discussion of Mogollon Domestic Architecture 53 Mogollon Ceremonial Architecture 56 Storage pits and Outside Hearths 62 V. DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD 66 VI. MOGOLLON POTTERY 72 Pottery of Mogollon 1 77 Pottery of Mogollon 2 81+ Pottery of Mogollon 3- • • • 88 Pottery of Mogollon 1+ 96 Summary of Mogollon Ceramic Development. 101 Miscellaneous Artifacts of Clay 101+ ix / Table of Contents VII. MINOR HANDICRAFTS OF THE MOGOLLON 110 Ground Stone Artifacts 110 Flaked Stone Artifacts 127 Bone and Antler Artifacts 138 Ornaments of the Mogollon li+5 Perishable Materials 149 VIII. MOGOLLON SUBSISTENCE 155 IX. MOGOLLON SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 158 X. THE MOGOLLON CULTURE PATTERN 160 PART II: THE ROLE OF THE MOGOLLON IN SOUTHWESTERN PREHISTORY XI. BASES FOR COMPARISON 166 Frames of Reference 166 Relative Chronology of the Mogollon 168 Dendrochronology 169 Radioactive Carbon-lij. 173 Cross-dating X7U- Geological Dating 184 Summary of Mogollon Chronology 18i+ XII. THE RELATION OF MOGOLLON TO PREPOTTERY HORIZONS. I89 XIII. MOGOLLON - HOHOKAM RELATIONSHIPS 191+ XIV. MOGOLLON - ANASAZI RELATIONSHIPS 205 EPILOGUE 231 BIBLIOGRAPHY 231+ LIST OF TABLES 1. Phase Chart by Period and Branch 11 2. Domestic Architecture of Mogollon 1 Rear 3. Domestic Architecture of Mogollon 2 I4.4 I4.. Domestic Architecture of Mogollon 3 Rear £. Domestic Architecture of Mogollon I4. Rear 6. Mogollon Ceremonial Architecture 57 7. Shared Pottery Forms of Mogollon 1 83 8. Shared Pottery Forms of Mogollon 3 95 9. Shared Pottery Forms of Mogollon 1± 99 10. Distribution of Miscellaneous Clay Artifacts .... 107 11. Distribution of Ground Stone Artifacts 113 12. Distribution of Flaked Stone Artifacts 129 13. Distribution of Bone and Antler Artifacts llj.1 li).. Distribution of Mogollon Ornaments 1/4.7 1$. Mogollon Perishable Materials 150 16. Characteristic Mogollon Culture Elements l6o 17. Mogollon Dendrodates 171 18. Pottery Cross-dating for Mogollon Phases 176 xi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Map of the Mogollon Culture Area 3 2. Mogollon Architectural Trends 54 3. Pottery Shapes of Mogollon 1 8l l+. Pottery Shapes of Mogollon 3 9k 5. Pottery Shapes of Mogollon 1+ 98 6. Mogollon Pottery Trends 102 7. Miscellaneous Artifacts of Clay 106 8. Ground Stone Artifacts 112 9. Flaked Stone Artifacts 128 10. Bone and Antler Artifacts IJ4.O 11. Mogollon Ornaments II4.6 12. Correlation of Mogollon-Hohokam-Anasazi Cultures . 185 .