Perspect ives on Nigerian Peoples and Cult ure i ii Perspectives on Nigerian Peoples and Culture Edited by Joh n E. A gaba Chris S. Orngu iii © Department of History, Benue State University, Makurdi, 2016 All rights Reserved. This book is copyright and so no part of it should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, electrostatic, magnetic tape, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner (Department of H istory, Benue State U niversity, M akurdi). ISBN: 978-978-954-726-5 A Publication of the Department of History, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria. Department of History, BSU Publication Series No. 1, 2016 iv Dedication Our Students v Acknowledgements We acknowledge the contributors for their collective resourcefulness in putting this volume together. We also deeply appr eci at e t h e sch ol ar s w h ose or i gi n al i deas h ave added val u e t o the chapters in this volume. vi Contents Dedication v Acknow;edgements vi Contents vii Foreword ix Chapter One Conceptual Perspectives of Culture Chris Orngu 1 Chapter Two Notable Ethnic Groups in Northern Nigeria Terwase T. Dzeka and Emmanuel S. Okla 7 Chapter Three Notable Ethnic Group in Southern Nigeria Toryina A. Varvar and Faith O. Akor 22 Chapter Four Culture Zones in Nigeria Armstrong M. Adejo and Elijah Terdoo Ikpanor 36 Chapter Five Traditional Crafts and Cultural Festivals in N igeria Emmanuel C. Ayangaor 53 Chapter Six The Evolution of the Nigerian State Saawua G. Nyityo and Ezekiel A. Agaigbe 67 Chapter Seven Nigeria’s Geography, Population and Linguistic Classification John E. Agaba and Thaddeus T. Ityonzughul 76 vii Chapter Eight Citizenship Education in Nigeria Victor I yanya and George Ode 93 Chapter Nine The Nigerian Economy and National Development Mike Odugbo Odey and Sylvester I. Ugbegili 101 Chapter Ten Environmental Challenges in N igeria Chris S. Orngu and David M. Igba 113 Cotributors 121 Index 124 viii Foreword To understand a people one must first of all understand their culture. Culture is the sum total of what nature gives to humanity. The N igerian nation has over 250 ethnic groups and cultures and often times there are clashes between these ethnic nationalities. At present there are problems between the Fulani herdsmen and farmers in N igeria, the N iger-Delta crises and the Boko Haram Insurgency. The question is thus, how did the N igerian nation evolve? Who are the Nigerian citizens and what is their economy like? Indeed, the issue of the evolution of the Nigerian state needs to be put straight. One must also remember quickly that the Nigerian economy is at the low ebb due to the dwindling oil prices at the International M arket. Another problem that bedevils the N igerian state is the issue of ecological and environmental challenges. All these issues need urgent solutions and the book edited by Dr. John E. Agaba and Dr. Chris S. Orngu has at t em pt ed a sol u t i on . The book Perspecti ves on N i geri an Peoples and Cultures is a compendium that ex-rays the N igerian state. It has captured basic topical issues about the N igerian peoples and culture. The book has examined the evolution of the N igerian state and discussed the notable ethnic groups in N orthern and Southern Nigeria. Other notable topics examined include, the culture zones in N igeria, Traditional Crafts and Cultural Festivals, Nigerian geography, Peoples and Linguistic classification, Citizenship education in Nigeria, Nigerian economy and the envi r onm ent al chal l enges i n N i ger i a. The contributions one would observe have delved into the various topics which are their areas of Interest with the aim of proffering solutions to some of the nagging problems confronting the N igerian state. These contributors, who are seasoned academ i cs of h i st or y, h ave m ade gi an t st r i des an d m on u m en t al ix contributions both to the academic community and the N igerian state as a whole as their proffered solutions appear to be quite appr opr i at e. This book is of immense benefit to all N igerians. Thus students and Lecturers of History, Political Science, Cultural Studies, Linguistics, Anthropology, Geography and indeed miscellaneous readers must all patronise it. Prof. S.D . Shishima Dean, Faculty of Arts, 2016 x Blurb For us to be able to achieve our desire for unity in diversity, we need to first and foremost, appreciate our history as a people and then we also have to appreciate and tolerate our divergent cultures. This is the inescapable reality that highlights the need for the study of Nigerian peoples and culture. John E. Agaba, PhD is Associate Professor and H oD of H is- tory, Benue State U niversity, Makurdi, N igeria. H is research interests are in Economic and Social History, Gender and De- velopment Studies. H e is published nationally and internation- al l y. Chris S. Orngu, PhD teaches diplomatic H istory in the His- tory Department of the Benue State U niversity, Makurdi, N i- geria. H e is the Coordinator of GST113 (N igerian Peoples and Culture) and the Deputy Director, Centre for Peace and Devel- opment Studies, at the same university. H e is prolifically pub- lished. xi CONCEPTUAL PERSPECTIVES OF CULTURE 1 Chapter One Conceptual Perspectives of Culture Chris S. Orngu Introduction The intellectual engagement of this chapter proceeds on the desire to provide a historical and conceptual background to the understanding of N igeria’s cultural make-up. This will properly guide our knowledge in relation to the country’s cultural dynamism and its latent effervescence. To make progress in this direction, it is logical to, first and foremost, provide a historical sketch of the country’s cultural diversity and then to highlight the conceptual architecture that underpins a deeper appreciation of what ‘culture’ entails in both the specific and broad mental constructs. Background to N igeria’s Cultural D iversity The Nigerian state i s a col oni al creati on. I t i s a product of a hi stori cal accident that arose out of European adventurism with its eventual culmination in the colonization of Africa. Thus, while the European expl or ers di scovered t he undevel oped est at e t hat l at er becam e Nigeria, the missionaries established the presence of Europe in the area to pave the way for the eventual arrival of the European traders with their aggressive trade interest. First, the European explorers, second, the European Christian Missionaries and, third, the European traders played very important roles in the chronological sequence of events that led to the colonization and creation of the Nigerian state.1 It was the aggressive economic interest and the 1 For a comprehensive historical account of this development, see E. E. Ayandele, “External Relations with Europe in the N ineteenth Century: Explorers, M issionaries and Traders,” in O. Ikime (ed),Groundwork of Nigerian History, Ibadan, H einemann Educational Books (N ig) Ltd, 1980; also see C. S. Orngu, Socio-Political Conflicts and N igeria’s External Relations, 1953-2005, Lagos, Bahiti and D alila Publishers, 2014. For an instructive and elaborate account of Africa’s contact with the white race, see Armstrong M atiu Adejo, Reparations: Africa’s N ew Charge in a Changing World, Makurdi, Peach Global Publications, 2004. See particularly Chapter Three. 2 PERSPECTIVES ON NIGERIAN PEOPLES AND CULTURE contestation for the avaricious acquisition of the natural wealth of the native peoples that encouraged the convocation of the inglorious Berlin Conference of 1884-85.2 Arising from the Berlin Conference, the European interlopers adopted more carefully articulated control mechanisms to bring their effectively occupied territories under their control. It was at the Conference that the British got the imprimatur from the circle of European collaborators to occupy the area that later became known as Nigeria. What the above development entailed was that the vast area that would soon become N igeria had become the property of the British colonial powers and thus had to be brought under their effective control. To achieve this, the British colonial administrators quickly established a colony and protectorate of Lagos and Niger territories under the administration of the Royal Niger Company through the instrumentality of a Charter. The exi genci es of the m om ent ul ti mat el y chal l enged the Br i t i sh colonial administrators to come up with more viable ways of optimizing their control over the N igerian territories at the barest minimum cost. The Niger Committee of 1898, headed by Lord Selborne was, therefore, inaugurated by the British colonial administrators to, among other things, find the means for ach i evi n g gr eat er con t r ol over t h e expan si ve ar ea at t h e bar est minimum cost. As a way out of the financial deficit in the administration of the expansive areas – the N orthern and Southern Protectorates, the Selborne Committee recommended the use of available funds from the richer Southern Protectorate to soften the large-scale financial short-falls of the N orthern Protectorate. Very significantly, the Selborne Committee recommended an installmental amalgamation process which 2 T he Berl in Conference was convened to dr aw the geopoli ti cal map of Ari ca and t o set tle t he contention of claims and counter-claims over territories by the European powers.