Teacher Assessment Literacy and Student Outcomes in the Province of Tawi-Tawi, Philippines Wilham M. Hailaya This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Education Faculty of the Professions University of Adelaide September 2014 Table of Contents List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... xvi Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. xix Declaration ........................................................................................................................................ xxi Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................................xxii Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Scope ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Overview of the Philippine Education Systems ........................................................ 3 1.2.2 The State of Basic Education in the Philippines ....................................................... 6 1.2.3 Relevant Education Reforms .................................................................................... 9 1.3 Research Questions ............................................................................................................ 14 1.4 Aims/Objectives of the Study .............................................................................................. 14 1.5 Significance of the Study ..................................................................................................... 15 1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study ..................................................................................... 16 1.7 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 18 Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature ............................................................................................. 19 and Studies ...................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Assessment and Its Role in the Teaching-Learning Process .............................................. 20 2.3 Teacher Assessment Literacy ............................................................................................. 26 2.4 Assessment Practices ......................................................................................................... 36 2.5 Teaching Practices .............................................................................................................. 39 2.6 The Student Outcomes ....................................................................................................... 43 2.7 Proposed Model .................................................................................................................. 45 2.8 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 49 Chapter 3: Research Design and Methods ......................................................................................... 50 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 50 3.2 Planning Stage .................................................................................................................... 50 3.2.1 Focus of the study .................................................................................................. 50 3.2.2 Design and Methods .............................................................................................. 52 i 3.2.3 Ethics Clearance/Approval ..................................................................................... 53 3.3 Sampling and Data Collection ............................................................................................. 54 3.3.1 Identification of Schools and Participants ............................................................... 55 3.3.2 Research Locale .................................................................................................... 57 3.3.3. Data Collection Methods ........................................................................................ 60 3.4 Survey Instruments ............................................................................................................. 61 3.4.1. Adoption/Modification/Development of Instruments ............................................... 61 3.4.2. Development of Interview Questions ...................................................................... 64 3.4.3. The Pilot Study ....................................................................................................... 65 3.4.4. Instruments for the Main Study .............................................................................. 66 3.4.5. Validity and Reliability of the Instruments ............................................................... 66 3.4.6. Validation of the Scales .......................................................................................... 68 3.5 The Survey .......................................................................................................................... 69 3.5.1. Administration of the Instruments ........................................................................... 70 3.5.2. Administration of the Interviews ............................................................................. 71 3.5.3. Collection of Secondary Data ................................................................................. 72 3.6 Statistical Procedures Employed in the Study ..................................................................... 72 3.6.1 Statistical Procedures Employed in Validating the Instruments .............................. 73 3.6.2 Statistical Procedures Employed in Data Analysis ................................................. 81 3.7 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 81 3.7.1 Preparation of Data ................................................................................................ 82 3.7.2 Data Analysis Techniques ...................................................................................... 82 3.8 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 83 Chapter 4: The Assessment Literacy Inventory .................................................................................. 85 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 85 4.2 The Assessment Literacy Inventory (ALI) ........................................................................... 86 4.3 Previous Analytic Practices ................................................................................................. 87 4.4 ALI Modification to Suit the Tawi-Tawi Context ................................................................... 90 4.5 Current Validation of the ALI ............................................................................................... 91 4.6 Item Analysis of the ALI using the Rasch Model ................................................................. 92 4.7 Analysis of the ALI Structure using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) ............................ 99 4.7.1 Structural Analysis using CFA .............................................................................. 100 4.8 Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Alternative Model ...................................................... 104 ii 4.8.1. Structural Analysis of the Alternative Model using CFA ....................................... 104 4.9 Model Used in the Study ..................................................................................................... 108 4.10 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 108 Chapter 5: The Assessment Practices Inventory .............................................................................. 109 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 109 5.2 Development of the Assessment Practices Inventory (API) .............................................. 110 5.3 Pilot Test of the API .......................................................................................................... 114 5.4 Calibration of the API .......................................................................................................